Spinal Anatomy: CNS & related structures Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What does the notocord do?
A
induces ectoderm to formm neuroectoderm (remnant IVD) as nucleus pulposus
2
Q
what does ectoderm do?
A
forms the neural plate
3
Q
what does the neural plate form?
A
forms neural groove which houses the spinal cord & brain vesicles
4
Q
what does the neural plate (brain cells) develop into?
A
Macroglial cells- -Oligodendrocytes; -Astrocytes Neurons- CNS Ependymal cells Retinal cells "dont be a MOANER"
5
Q
what does the endoderm epithelium form?
A
the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures, division foregut/midgut; loiver & pancreatic buds.
6
Q
what are the parts of the primitive gut?
A
foregut
midgut
hindgut
allantois
7
Q
what will the foregut form?
A
glands buccal cavity esophagus stomach pharyngeal pouches pharynx
8
Q
what will the midgut form?
A
duodenum
jejunum
appendix
part of transverse colon
9
Q
what will the hindgut form?
A
part of transverse, sigmoid & descending colon
rectum
upper anal canal
10
Q
what will the allantois form?
A
urinary bladder vagina urethra prostate urethral glands
11
Q
what will the foramen ovale become?
A
fossa ovalis (between the interatrial septum)
12
Q
what will the ductus arteriosus become?
A
ligamentum arteriosum (bypasses pulm. trunk to arch of aorta)
13
Q
ductus venosum becomes?
A
ligamentum venosum (bypasses sinusoids of fetus liver)
14
Q
umbilical vein becomes?
A
ligamentum teres (round ligament)
15
Q
Umbilical arteries become?
A
medial umbilical ligaments
16
Q
Urachus becomes?
A
remnant of duct of allatois
17
Q
simple squamous does what?where?
A
filtration or diffusion
capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli
18
Q
ciliated epithelium does what?where?
A
circulate, move, sweep, clean
brain vesicles, oviduct, lungs
19
Q
ciliated pseudostratified columnar does what? where?
A
lining
trachea, upper respiratory tract
20
Q
non-ciliated pseudostartified columnar des what? where?
A
membrane
vas deferens
21
Q
how many branchial arches are there? AKA?
A
6; pharyngeal arches
22
Q
Branchial arch 1 does what?
A
mandibular branch of V (V3)
- Malleus (meckels cartilage)
- Incus (quadrate cartilage)
- Muscles of mastication & jaw closing muscles
23
Q
Branchial arch 2 does what?
A
Facial CN (VII)
- stapes
- styloid
- muscles of facial expression & jaw opening muscles
- stylohyoid
- stapedius
24
Q
Branchial arch 3 does?
A
Glossopharyngeal CN (IX)
- cornu
- Hyoid
- Stylopharyngeus muscle
25
Branchial arch 4 does?
Superior laryngeal of Vagus (X)
- thyroid cart.
- Cricoid cart.
- pharyngeal
- cricothyroid
- levator palatine
26
Branchial arch 6 does?
Inferior laryngeal of vagus (X) (recurrent branch)
- arytenoid
- corniculate cart.
- cuneiform cart.
- Laryngeal muscle
27
Dermatome C2-T2
```
C2- back of scalp
C3- nape of neck
C4- shoulders
C5- lateral ARM
C6- Lateral FOREARM and thumb and index finger (1st 2 digits)
C7- middle 2 fingers
C8- pinky and medial forearm
T1- Medial ARM
T2- Axilla
```
28
Dermatome T3-T5
T3- above nipple
T4- nipple
T5- below nipple
29
Dermatome L1-L5
```
L1- inguinal lig. & upper part of thigh
L2- Mid thigh
L3 lower thigh/ knee
L4- medial knee to floor
L5- side of leg to top of foot
```
30
Dermatome S1-S4
S1- bottom, lateral foot, lateral ankle, post. calf
S2- post. thigh
S3- circumference of anus
S4- perianal
31
what do glioblasts do?
"glue" give rise to astrocytes & oligodendrocytes
32
What is the most numerous cell of CNS?
Astrocyte
33
what do Astrocytes do?
acts like CT, part of BBB, forms "scar like" tissue in injury
34
what do oligodendrocytes do?
form Myelin around CNS- 2nd MC cell in CNS
35
what do ependymal cells do?
Line CNS, ciliated
| makes a leaky barrier between CNS & CSF & cerebral aqueduct
36
what is a microglia?
phagocyte (macrophage)
37
what do neuroblasts do?
make neurons
38
what does commisural mean?
between 2 hemispheres
39
what does association mean?
different part, same hemisphere
40
what does projection mean?
lower centers to cerebral cortex
41
what 2 things make up the CNS?
brain & spinal cord
42
what are the most common neurons?
Multipolar
43
gray matter conatins?
cell bodies & dendrites
44
white matter contains?
myelinated axons
45
what does the BBB do?
functions as active transport for glucose & filters
46
what is a direct extension of the spinal cord?
ventricles
47
what are Primary vesicles? secondary?
```
Prosencephalon
-telencephalon
-diencephalon
Mesencephalon
-mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
-metencephalon
-myelencephalon
```
48
what does the telencephalon turn into?Diencephalon?
```
T: forebrain (higher fxn)
-CN1
-cerebral cortex, basal ganglia
D: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal, retina, mamillary body, post. pituitary
-CN2
together they form:
lateral ventricles seperated by septum pellucidum
foramen of monroe (1-3rd ventricles)
```
49
what does the mesencephalon form?
midbrain
CN3 & 4
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius- tectum & cerebral peduncles
50
what does metencephalon turn into? myencephalon?
Met: Pons & cerebellum- CN V-VIII
Mye: Medulla Oblangata- CN IX-XII
both form 4th ventricle
51
what is the foramen of magendie?
median aperture
52
what is foramina of luschka?
Lateral aperture
53
Circle of willis?
arterial anastomsis
1. BS communication between forebrain & hindbrain
2. anatomically around the pituitary gland & optic chiasm
3. internal carotid & vertebral Art. supply circle
4. ant. & post. cerebral, ant. & post. communicating form the circle
54
middle cerebral artery?
carries more blood than other arteries (approx. 800ml/min
55
most common place for a cerebral vascular accident is?
middle cerebral artery
56
Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) aka?
anterior soinal artery
| sends 200 branches into ventral aspect of cord
57
posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk provide?
blood to post roots of spinal cord
58
cerebral cortex is made up of? AKA?
1. neocortex- 90% of cortex
2. Allocrtex- 10% of cortex
AKA: pallium- developed from neural plate
59
diencephalon is mostly formed by? function?
thalamus
1. relay for cortex, processes sensory info, sleep, consciousness
2. motor relay
60
basal ganglia is responsible for?
postural adjustments, steadying voluntary movements, enkephalins
Includes: corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus & claustrum
61
striatal lesions of basal ganglia cause?
tremors (parkinsons, huntingtons chorea, ballism)
62
telencephalon nuclei include?
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus
basal ganglia
63
mesencephalon nuclei include?
substantia nigra
| subthalamic
64
corpus striatum nuclei include?
striate body
| head of the caudate & putamen
65
lentiform nucleus includes?
```
globus pallidus (medial)
putamen (lateral)
```
66
Brainstem is?
a. made up of MO, pons, midbrain
b. conduit for ascending & descending tracts
c. contains reflex centers associated with respiration, CV, & consciousness
d. contains important nuclei of CN III-XII
67
meninges from inside-out?
pia
arachnoid
dura mater
(PAD)
68
what is epidural filled with?
fat and veins
69
where is the subarachnoid space?
between archnoid and pia
70
ependymal cells are the innermost layer of?
neural tube
71
what does the choroid plexus produce?
CSF
72
arachnoid granulations do what?
resorb CSF
73
how much CSF is in ventricles? in adult total?
~25ml in ventricles
| CSF 140-270ml in adult
74
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
75
dorsal roots are?
sensory- Afferent
76
ventral roots are?
motor- Efferent
77
where does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2
78
where does the conus medullaris end?
L1
79
what is the cauda equina?
horses tail
| roots for lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves through lumbar cistern
80
midbrain is made up of?
tectum & peduncles
81
fxn of cerebral aqueduct?
CSF exchange between 3rd & 4th ventricles
82
cerebral peduncles consist of?
tegmentum
substantia nigra
crus cerebri
CNIII, IV
83
what causes the black color in substantia nigra?
dopamine from tyrosine
| melanin is a by-product
84
crus cerebri consists of?
it is part of the cerebral peduncle
- corticospinal
- corticopontine
- corticobulbar
- corticomesencephalic fibers
85
function of cerebellum?
integration of momentary static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual & auditory input regarding equilibrium
86
vermis is?
medial cerebellum
87
paleocerebellar is?
anterior; general muscle tone
88
neocerebellar is?
post- coordination of skilled movements
89
archicerebllar is?
flocculonodular
| equilibrium
90
white matter is?
aka corpus medullare, afferent, efferent, commisural 7 association fibers
91
gray matter neuron cell types?
purkinje, golgi II, stellate, basket, granular
92
blood supply to cerebellum?
branches of vertebral & basilar arteries
93
what is the most common cell in the cerebellum?
purkinje
94
cerebellar nuclei, medial to lateral?
```
fastigial
globus
emboliform
dentate
"flowers grow every day"
```
95
deiters nuclei is in?
lateral vestibular
96
meynerts nuclei
forebrain; has ACH
97
raphe nuclei
MO; serotonin
98
lenticular nuclei
part of corpus striatum
99
centromedian nucleus of thalamus is the largest?
intralaminar of dorsal thalamus
100
thalamus does?
crude sensation & integrations "relay center"
101
Cortex does?
conscious interpretation & movement
102
where is the main pathway bwn thalamus and cortex?
through internal capsule & corona radiata
103
postcentral gyrus id primary_cortex
sensory
104
precentral gyrus is primary _ cortex
motor
105
Descending tracts vs. Ascending tracts
Descending: MOTOR; Efferent; ventral-basal plates
Ascending: SENSORY; Afferent; dorsal- alar plates
"S.A.M.E."
106
descending tracts consist of?
```
corticospianl
reticulospinal
tectospinal
rubrospinal
vestibulospinal
```
107
ascending tracts consist of?
```
lateral spinothalamic
ant. spinothalamic
dorsal columns (fasiculus cuneatus [arm] & gracilis [feet/legs])
post. spinocerebellar
ant. spinocerebellar
spinotectal
spinoreticular
```
108
cotricospinal (pyramidal) fucntions? origins & destinations? notes? Lateral & anterior?
F: precise & skilled voluntary movements
O/D: 1st, 2nd motor cortex, parietal lobe
- internuncial neurons or alpha motor neurons
* most will cross at decussation of pyramids & descend as lateral corticospinal tracts
*some continue as ant. corticospinal tracts
*Conscious*
Lateral tract: length of cord
Anterior: stops mid-thoracic
109
reticulospinal (pontine & medullay fxn? Origin & destinations?
F: inhibit or facilitate voluntary movements
O/D: reticular formation; alpha & gamma motor neurons
*cross at various locations
110
TECTOspinal fxn? origin & destination?
F: reflex postural movement to visual stimuli
| O/D: superior colliculus (midbrain); alpha & gamma motor neurons
111
Rubrospinal "red" fxn? origin/destination?
F: facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors
O/D: red nucleus (midbrain); Alpha & gamma motor neruons
**recieved cerebral & cerebellar info.
112
Vestibulospinal fxn? Origin/destination?
F: facilitates extensors & inhibits flexors
O/D: lateral vestibular nucleus; alpha & gamma motor neurons
* recieves inner ear & cerebellar information
113
Lateral spinothalamic fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F: pain & temp
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd substantia gelatinosa, 3rd post lateral nucleus of thalamus>postcentral gyrus
N: incoming nerve branches 1-2 segments up 7 down as Tract of Lissauer NT of 1st order Substance P
C: syringomyelia- fluid filled cyst leads to cape-like (bilateral) loss of pain & temp.
114
Anterior spinothalamic fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F: protopathic is defensive to pain, temp; crude light touch
P: 1st post. root ganglion, 2nd substantia gelatinosa, 3rd post lat. nucleus of thalamus> postcentral gyrus
N: tract of lissauer (Pain)
C: tactile sensation
115
Dorsal Columns (fasciculus cuneatous; fasciculous Gracilis) fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F: discriminate touch (2 point), Vibration & conscious proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nuclei gracilis/cutaneous, 3rd post. lat. nucleus of thalamus> postcentral gyru
N: Cuneatous (Arm)- above T6; Gracilis (feet/Legs)- below T6; 2nd order neurons are called internal arcuate fibers
C: Diabetes mellitus, posterolateral sclerosis, MS, tabes dorsalis (syphilis) all affect the dorsal columns
116
Posterior spinocerebellar fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F:unconscious; proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nucleus dorsalis (Clarks column) ascend through Inferior cerebellar peduncle to cerebellum
N: clarks column spans C8-L4
C: "PI" posterior inferior peduncle
117
Anterior spinocerebellar fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F: unconscious; proprioception
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd nucleus dorsalis cross segmentally & ascend through superior cerebellar peduncle to cerbellum
N: some fibers dont cross; fibers which cross, cross back to the ipsilateral side inside the cerebellum
C: "AS" anterior superior peduncle
118
Spinotectal fxn? pathway? notes? clinical?
F: spino visual reflexes
P: 1st posterior root ganglion, 2nd cross segmentally & ascend to superior colliculus (midbrain)
N: movements of eyes & head toward stimulus
C: Aka: spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott
119
Spinoreticular fxn? pathway? clinical?
F: levels of conciousness
P: 1st post root ganglion, 2nd ascend to nuclei of reticular formation (brainstem)
C: if the spinoreticular tract is damaged, coma will be present
120
which 2 tracts work together to help you stand?
rubrospinal & vestibulospinal
