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Chp 16 Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s second homeostatic control system is what system

A

endocrine sytem

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2
Q

what system uses hormones as control agents

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

how does the endocrine system secrete hormones

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine (ductless) glands and tissues

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4
Q

what chemical messengers are released into the blood to regulate specific body functions and in what system?

A

hormones in the endocrine system

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5
Q

Endocrinology:

A

the scientific study of hormones and the endocrine organs

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6
Q

Hormones Regulate:

A

Volume & chemical composition of the extracellular fluid (ECF)
Metabolism and energy balance
Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers and many glandular secretions
Homeostasis during normal and emergency conditions
Some immune system activities
Coordinated, sequential growth, development, and maturation
Reproduction

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7
Q

Hormones Regulate Reproduction by regulating

A
  • gamete production
  • fertilization
  • nourishment of the embryo and fetus
  • labor and delivery
  • lactation for nourishment of the infant
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8
Q

which system is rapid and which is slow

A

nervous rapid

endocrine is slow

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9
Q

What disease or condition is caused by unmyelination of mylin sheath

A

MS

multiple sclerosis

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10
Q

which system sends messages via nerve fibers and which sends messages through hormones released into body fluids in the blood

A

nerve fibers- nervous system

hormones- endocrine

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11
Q

which system has neurotransmitters released at specific effector(s)?
which system has all body cells exposed; only target cells with receptors respond?

A

nervous system- has neurotransmitters released at specific effector(s)

endocrine system-
all body cells exposed; only target cells with receptors respond

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12
Q

which system has nerve impulses are brief (msecs/seconds), although control can be sustained?

which system has hormones persist for seconds/hours/days?

A

nervous system has nerve impulses are brief (msecs/seconds), although control can be sustained

endocrine system has- hormones persist for seconds/hours/days

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13
Q

which system has responses of target cells may last seconds/hours/days, even weeks/months?

which system has response of effectors is of relatively short duration (seconds/minutes)?

A

endocrine system- responses of target cells may last seconds/hours/days, even weeks/months

nervous system has response of effectors is of relatively short duration (seconds/minutes)

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14
Q

what gland secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid by exocytosis and the blood transports them to target cells?

A

Endocrine glands

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15
Q

which glad secrete various compounds by exocytosis into a duct system

A

Exocrine glands

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16
Q

which glands have extensive capillary blood supply

which glands form a discrete structure/organ

A

all glands

exocrine and endocrine glands

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17
Q

what glands have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

mixed glands

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18
Q

Six Pure Endocrine Glands

A 
pineal
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex/medulla
thymus
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19
Q

mixed glands:

A
  • pancreas

- gonads: ovaries & testes

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20
Q

other endocrine tissue

A
  • stomach and intestines
  • skin and adipose tissue
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • placenta
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21
Q

neuroendocrine “organs”

A

Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland

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22
Q

Two types of Chemical Regulators are

A 
Circulating hormones (endocrines)
Local hormones
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23
Q

Circulating hormones (endocrines) travel

A

travel via the blood to reach all tissues, and may affect distant target cells

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24
Q

Local hormones diffuse into

A

-diffuse into local interstitial fluid, reach and affect only local target cells

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25
Types of local hormones
-paracrine - acts on target cells close to the site of release -autocrine - acts on the same cell which secreted it for the various immune system local hormones, see Chapter 21 (cytokines, lymphokines, etc.)
26
What hormone molecules are usually short lived, and inactivated quickly
local hormones
27
What hormone molecules linger in the bloodstream, and exert their effects for minutes or hours
Circulating hormones
28
what hormones are inactivated by enzymes in the target tissues or in the bloodstream or in the liver; some hormones are also eliminated by the kidneys
circulating hormones
29
what hormones cause kidney or liver disease – may cause problems due to increased hormone levels
circulating hormones
30
Two main chemical classes of circulating hormones
Amino acid based: amines - from single amino acids peptides – short sequences of amino acids proteins - long chains of amino acids Steroids: synthesized from cholesterol
31
end in OL or ONE
lipid | steroid
32
End in INE or IN
Amine or protien
33
A third category exists, if local hormones are included in the chemicals of circulating hormones
eicosanoids: synthesized from a cell membrane fatty acid (arachidonic acid)
34
synthesized from a cell membrane fatty acid (arachidonic acid)
eicosanoids
35
from single amino acids
amines
36
short sequences of amino acids
peptides
37
proteins
long chains of amino acids
38
Hormones may alter cell activities and metabolism by
Changing membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing gated ion channels Synthesis of proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates or certain regulatory molecules within the cell Enzyme activation or deactivation Induction or suppression of secretory activities Stimulation of mitosis (and meiosis in the stem cells in the gonads)
39
Most amino acid, peptide and protein hormones are three things
Are water soluble/lipid insoluble (hydrophilic) Cannot cross the cell membrane Need a second messenger to exert their effects
40
Second Messenger Systems are
Most amino acid, peptide and protein hormones:
41
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) excitatory stages
1) Hormone A (excitatory) binds membrane receptor, activating Gs 2) Gs stimulates adenylate cyclase (AC) 3) AC forms cAMP from ATP 4) cAMP activates Protein Kinase A 5) PKA: activates/deactivates other enzymes; stimulates cell secretion; opens ion channels, etc.
42
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) inhibitory stages
1) Hormone B (inhibitory) binds its membrane receptor, activating Gi 2) Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase 3) Antagonistic control
43
Twice as much activation happens with
second messengers
44
Two second messengers may
work together (e.g., IP3 & Ca2+)
45
Activate enzymes and trigger other
intracellular activities
46
Hormones are in very low concentrations in
body fluids
47
Hormones they bind how to target cell membrane receptors
reversibly
48
Second messengers initiate what
a cascade of events (a “snowball” effect) because they activate enzymes that act on other enzymes
49
This cascade effect does what
amplifies the effect of small quantities of hormone binding to cells
50
For instance, consider a single hormone molecule binding to a specific receptor on a cell surface
It may activate 10 membrane proteins Each membrane protein may activate 10 adenylate cyclase enzymes to produce 1000 cAMP’s This produces a total of 100,000 second messengers in the cell which act on various cytoplasmic enzymes Each enzyme may then activate hundreds/thousands of other protein molecules
51
Steroid hormones (derived from cholesterol) are
lipid soluble and penetrate the cell membrane
52
Bind to cytoplasmic receptors inside the cell
steroid hormones
53
Hormone-receptor (h-r) complex enters the nucleus, binds to a
DNA receptor protein
54
Hormone-receptor (h-r) complex enters the nucleus, binds to a DNA receptor protein This causes
transcription of certain genes, and thus produces specific proteins
55
This direct gene activation is a slower process, but with longer lasting effects
steroid hormone
56
Target cells have specific
cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors which bind to a specific hormone
57
A target cell has how many receptors
2,000 to 100,000 receptors for each hormone to which they respond
58
target cells have what kind of regulation
down regulation and up regulation
59
down-regulation
reduction in the number of receptors when a hormone is present in excess so target tissues become less sensitive
60
up-regulation
increase in the number of receptors when hormone is deficient so that target tissues become more sensitive
61
Hormone Interactions at Targets are divided into what groups
permissveness synergism antagonism
62
Permissveness
one hormone allows another hormone to cause an effect
63
example of permissiveness
thyroid hormone permits reproductive hormones to cause their effects on reproductive development
64
Synergism
effect of two hormones acting together is greater than either acting alone
65
example of synergism
ex: glucagon and epinephrine together cause more increase in blood glucose than either alone
66
Antagonism
one hormone has an opposite effect to another hormone
67
example of antagonism
ex: glucagon elevates blood glucose, insulin lowers blood glucose
68
Humoral Control/Autocontrol of hormone release
levels of substances in the blood regulate the release of the hormone,
69
Ca2+ levels in blood regulate PTH release by the parathyroid gland is an example of
Humoral Control/Autocontrol
70
Glucose levels in blood regulate insulin and glucagon release by the pancreatic islets is an example of
Humoral Control/Autocontrol
71
Na+ and K+ levels in the blood regulate aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex is an example of
Humoral Control/Autocontrol
72
Nervous System Control of hormone release
neural input stimulates the release of specific hormones.
73
what types of hormone release are there
Humoral Control/Autocontrol Nervous System Control: Hormonal Control
74
Sympathetic ANS stimulation of the adrenal glands cause them to release epinephrine and norepinephrine is an example pf
Nervous System Control of hormone release
75
Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus cause oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary during labor or breast feeding is an example of
Nervous System Control of hormone release
76
Nerve impulses from hypothalamus cause ADH release from the posterior pituitary when water concentration of blood declines is an example of
Nervous System Control of hormone release
77
Hormonal Control of hormone release
hormones stimulate the release of other hormones
78
Neurohormones from the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones which, in turn, stimulate the thyroid gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads, respectively, to release their hormones is an example of
hormonal control
79
Two structural components with different embryological origins is known as what gland
pituitary
80
The Master Gland
pituitary gland
81
how many functional components does the pituitary glands have
two
82
The pituitary gland has two functional components
anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
83
Anterior pituitary | does what
- Adenohypophysis - Primarily glandular tissue - Synthesizes protein hormones
84
Posterior pituitary | does what
- Neurohypophysis - Primarily neuosecretory cells (their cell bodies in the hypothalamus) - Secretes peptide hormones - Some support/glial cells
85
The Pituitary gland Connected to the hypothalamus by the
infundibulum
86
the pituitary gland vascular linkage
- hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary | - two capillary beds – the hypophyseal portal system
87
the pituitary gland nervous linkage
- hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary | - hypothalamic neuron axons
88
Regulation of Pituitary Hormone Release is by
the anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland
89
Anterior pituitary
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors transported via blood in the hypophyseal portal system
90
Posterior pituitary
neuroendocrine release from neurosecretory cells hormones produced in hypothalamus and released from axon end bulbs in the posterior lobe
91
Growth Hormone =
human growth hormone (hGH)
92
Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis | produces what hormone
hGH
93
sweat glands are called
eccrine
94
what does the endocrine system do
releases hormones
95
what is a hormone
a chemical messanger
96
what other system has chemical messangers
nervous system
97
example of a nervous system chemical messenger
acetylcholine
98
what are chemical messengers doing
regulation (increase or decrease) or homeostasis
99
what are some things chemicals regulate
``` blood pressure temp cycles rate of metabolism sleep ```
100
endocrine system directly secretes hormones where
into the blood stream
101
endocrine tissue has that name because
is to secrete hormones
102
ductless system
endocrine system
103
humoral means
secreting something directly into the blood stream
104
if we are secreating something into the blod stream we know it is what system
circulatory traveling alongside everything going to the organ or cell its targeting
105
like boats that are secreted into the blood stream
humoral
106
key difference between chemical messengers in the endocrine system and nervous system
endocrine has to do with the blood stream nervous has to do with nueromuscular and neuron neuron junctions
107
which is faster acting and shorter lasting nervous or endocrine
nervous
108
which are longer lasting and slower to where they need to go? Nervous system, or endocrine
endocrine
109
``` Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis release stimulated by.... feedback... inhibited by... ```
- stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus - negative feedback regulation by low blood levels of GH - inhibited by GHIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus
110
Anterior Lobe / Adenohypophysis actions targets. .. stimulates. ...
Actions - targets especially liver, muscle, bone, cartilage; also most tissues - stimulates growth, mobilizes fats, elevates blood glucose (insulin antagonist
111
two different types of hormones in relation to how they function
direct | tropic
112
example of a direct hormone
insulin- because it goes directly to the glucose and then the cell
113
tropic hormones have what
a middle man are also apart of hte endocrine system
114
example of a tropic hormone
TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone. Because it first goes to the thyroid gland
115
Where is TSH secreted
the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
116
SH or RH on the end are...
always tropic
117
will release hormones to effect another endocrine gland /tissue
tropic
118
endocrine gland releases hormone that targets cells is what type of hormone
direct
119
endocrine gland releases hormone that targets another endocrine gland
tropic
120
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is what kind of tissue
Neurol tissue
121
stalk that is above the pituitary gland
infundibulum
122
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as
adenohypophysis
123
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as
adenohypophysis
124
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is an extension of
hypothalamus
125
the storage spot and released for only two hormones oxytocin
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
126
oxytocin is invloved and found
is involved in labor and milk let down | found in the posterior lobe if the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
127
oxytocin is invloved and found
is involved in labor and milk let down | found in the posterior lobe if the pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
128
oxytocin has the ability to secrete
happy hormones
129
milk letdown needs what to happen
oxytocin
130
where is prolactin hormone (produces milk) produced
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
131
ADH is
anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin (protein)
132
anti diuretics do what
retaining /reabsorption of H2O
133
where is retaining/reabsorption of h2o happening
in the kidneys
134
why and what instance would you need to secrete ADH (anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin)
dehydration
135
what inhibits ADH (anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin)
alcohol
136
reabsorption of water is caused by what hormone
ADH
137
storage site of two hormones
posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
138
the president of the body or the master endocrine gland
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis
139
gland that produces and secretes many tropic hormones
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis
140
Gland responsible for anything with tropic hormones . SH or RH and sometimes IH at the end. Stimulating and releasing
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis
141
Deals with TSH, FSH releasing TRH
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis
142
Two direct hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or adenohypophysis
Growth Hormone | prolactin
143
regulates musculoskelatal growth
Growth Hormone
144
Not enough of this causes dwarfisim
Growth Hormone
145
determines how fast or slow and when your epiphyseal plates close
GH
146
pituitary adenoma
tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary
147
symptoms of pituitary adenoma for a female
``` producing milk when you aren't suppose to. vision problems. headaches crazy sluggish ```
148
FSH and LH are
tropic hormones that affect your ovaries messing up your ovaries progesterone and
149
Pineal gland secretes
melatonin (sleep cycle regulation)
150
melatonin is activated by ____ and secreted during ___
sunlight | stage two of REM sleep 2-4am
151
butterfly shaped organ surrounding the larynx (voice box)
thyroid gland
152
does TSH get secreted by the thyroid gland
no
153
where is TSH secreted? And what type of hormone is it? So where is it going?
anterior lobe of pituitary tropic the thyroid
154
thyroid gland secretes
calcitonin thyroxin -T3 or T4
155
if i was diagnosed with hypothyroidism? Would my levels of TH be increased or decreased?
decreased secretion of TH
156
TIH is what? Comes into play when?
Thyroid inhibiting hormone. If the president (anterior lobe of pituitary gland) talks to the ceo (hypothalamus)
157
hypothyroid is determined if you have
elevated TH levels. Anterior pituitary determines that
158
decreased tsh level and increased T3T4 you have
hyperthyroidism
159
feedback loop always includes the
hypothalamus
160
hypothalamus sends a signal to the ___ to release TIH
anterior pituitary
161
the parathyroid releases what hormone and where is it located
parathyroid hormone out of the thyroid gland
162
parathyroid regulates and increases
blood calcium. osteoclast
163
TSH stands for.... and is secreted by
Thyroid stimulating hormone | anterior lobe of the pituitary
164
TSH tropic or direct
tropic... targets thyroid
165
where is calcitonin secreated by?
thyroid
166
is there endocrine tissue in other organs?
yes
167
storage spot for oxytocin, ADH two hormones
posterior part of pituitary gland
168
ADH
Anti diuretic hormone/vasopressin
169
Anti diuretic means
reabsorption of h20 in the kidneys
170
what inhibits adh from being released
alcohol
171
The president of the body or mast
adenohypophysis
172
When would you need to secrete adh
dehydration
173
alcohol does what to adh
inhibits
174
produces and secretes many tropic hormones
anterior gland
175
if it has sh, rh or something with an IH at the end means
it is tropic, and from the anterior gland sh- stimulating rh- releasing ih- inhibiting
176
sometimes IH is
inhibiting
177
two direct hormones from the anterior
growth hormone, prolactin
178
how is the growth hormone helping us grow?
it is regulating muscular skeletal growth. how fast or slow your epihyseal plates grow
179
the GH is from where and what type of hormone
anterior pituitary | and direct
180
what is a pituitary adenoma
tumor of anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe causing milk production `
181
FSH and LH are what
tropic hormones from the anterior lobe that affect your ovaries. Affect progesterone and estrogen
182
Pineal gland does what
secretes melatonin
183
Does TSH get secreted by the Thyroid gland
no
184
what secretes TSH and what kind of hormone is it
anterior, topic
185
what does the thyroid gland secrete
calcitonin and thyroxine (T3, T4)
186
if I was diagnosed with hypothyroidism would my levels of TSH be increased or decreased? and would the thyroid hormone be increased or decreased
thyroid hormone is low so the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is increases TSH in an atempt to increase the thyroid hormone
187
if I was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism would my levels of TSH be increased or decreased?
decreased because there is already too much thyroid hormone in the blood
188
what two major hormones are involved in the pancreas
insulin and glucagon
189
what cells secrete the hormones in the pancreas
islets of longerhans islets of the pancreas pancreatic ilets specifically alpha and beta
190
alpha and beta cells of the pancreas secrete what
alpha cells secretes glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin
191
what is the breakdown process when we eat
first: glucose and bombarding the blood stream and that sends a message to the beta cells of the pancreas. Since beta cells are their carries they tag on to glucose and take them to the cells to convert that glucose into atp and to any kind of storage as glycogen.
192
why would glucagon (secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas) be released
in between meals | or in the absence of dietary glucose.
193
what does glucagon do and where does it get it from
its putting glucose back into the blood stream from stored places. First skeletal muscle then the liver.
194
the term Diabetes means
passing through
195
what is there to make sure we have a constant blood glucose level
glucagon
196
antagonist of insulin
glucagon
197
mellitus means
sweet
198
what is passing through in diabetes mellitus
glucose
199
what is happening in diabetes mellitus
not enough insulin, so the glucose isn't being absorbed
200
if we don't have enough insulin what are we not going to be able to do
store or carry glucose to all the cells. so our body determine
201
two reasons our body wouldn't have enough insulin
type one and type two diabetes mellitus
202
how is type one diabetes mellitus different from type two
type one is an autoimmune disorder (beta cell of the pancreas or the immune system is attacking the beta cells, causing us to not be able to produce enough of it or faulty receptors) type two is you did this to yourself (genetic predisposition, diet)
203
diabetes mellitus type one is considered what?
insulin dependent
204
insulin resistance
when your body is bombarded with sugar
205
how do you know if a patient is insulin resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus
exhausted eat all the time still hungry (craving sweets) Not within normal bmi and can't loose weight
206
non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. why?
type 2 | because it is reversible if you catch it in time. If you don't change your lifestyle it will change to type 1.
207
what is prescribed for type two diabetes
glucophage
208
three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus (one and two)
1) polydipsia (many thirst) 2) polyphagia (many hunger) 3) polyuria (many urination)
209
Diabetes insipidus has nothing to with and everything to do with
insulin, glucose, pancreas and has to do with water insipid means clear
210
if someone has diabetes insipidus their urine is
clear
211
diabetes insipidus is an absence of
ADH- anti diuretic hormone
212
If I don't have the ability to release adh or enough of it then what is going to happen
more excreation of everything because it helps us have more water any thing you drink is passing through and not being retained
213
adh is stored where and made where
the stored in posterior pituitary gland and made in the hypothalamus
214
What Is an Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
is a hormone that helps your kidneys manage the amount of water in your body. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve.
215
How does diabetes affect the kidneys?
Diabetes means passing through. So it's going straight through the blood stream to the urinary system (kidneys).
216
One glucose molecule is what?
C6H12O6 It's BIG! Meaning that as it is going through our kidneys/tiny tubules and bursting the tubs... killing the kidneys causing renal failure
217
smallest functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
218
Number two drug in the world
metforman or glucophage
219
gonad hormone
testosterone
220
gland that synthesizes protein hormone
anterior pituitary
221
gland that secretes peptide hormones
posterior pituitary
222
The Pituitary Gland connected to the hypothalamus by the
infundibulum
223
Vascular linkage of the pituitary gland
- hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary | - two capillary beds – the hypophyseal portal system
224
Nervous linkage of the pituitary gland
- hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary | - hypothalamic neuron axons
225
anterior lobe releases what hormones
``` GH- Growth Hormone TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone FSH-follicle stimulating LH/ICSH- Luteinizing hormone/interstitial cell stimulating hormone Prolactin ```
226
posterior lobe releases what hormones
Oxytocin | ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin)
227
Thyroid Gland releases what hormones
``` Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Amine hormones Tyrosine (Thyro) calcitonin ```
228
Parathyroid glands releases what hormones
PTH- Parathyroid Hormone
229
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors transported via blood in the hypophyseal portal system
Anterior pituitary
230
hormones produced in hypothalamus and | released from axon end bulbs in the posterior lobe
Posterior pituitary
231
Growth Hormone release
- stimulated by GHRH from the hypothalamus - negative feedback regulation by low blood levels of GH - inhibited by GHIH (somatostatin) from the hypothalamus
232
hyposecretion of GH leads to
pituitary dwarfism (normal trunk/limb proportions)
233
hypersecretion of GH in children and adults leads to
childhood – pituitary gigantism | adulthood - acromegaly
234
inhibited by negative feedback from the thyroid hormones and GHIH (somatostatin)
TSH
235
stimulated by: - TRH from hypothalamus - indirectly by pregnancy and body temperature
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
236
targets thyroid gland | stimulates thyroid hormone release (T3 and T4)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
237
stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
238
inhibited by negative feedback by glucocorticoids from adrenal gland (and by chronic use of therapeutic anti-inflammatory steroids)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
239
targets adrenal cortex | stimulates release of glucocorticoids (and to a lesser degree -- gonadocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
240
hyposecretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) causes what dieses
Addison’s Disease
241
hypersecretion of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) causes what disese
Cushing’s Disease (pituitary tumor)
242
- stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus - inhibited by negative feedback - estrogen and inhibin in females - testosterone and inhibin in males
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
243
``` targets ovaries and testes female stimulates ovarian follicle to mature stimulates production of estrogen male - stimulates sperm production ```
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
244
-Release -stimulated by GnRH -inhibited by negative feedback estrogen and progesterone in females (except during LH surge) testosterone in males
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) [Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) in males]
245
targets ovaries and testes - stimulates - females - ovulation and production of estrogen and especially progesterone - males – production of androgens, e.g., testosterone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) [Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) in males]
246
targets breast secretory tissue | stimulates milk production for lactation
prolactin
247
targets smooth muscle of the uterus and the breast | stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection/letdown
oxytocin
248
positive feedback uterine stimulation (stretch) and suckling stimulate the hypothalamus to release oxytocin from the posterior pituitary stimulates uterine contractions (labor) and milk letdown increases feedback for more oxytocin release inhibited by lack of these stimuli
Oxytocin
249
(1) targets kidney (ADH effect) stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water NaCl (salt) will be conserved passively to some degree (2) targets vascular smooth muscle to constrict elevates blood pressure (vasopressin effect)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
250
stimulated by impulses from hypothalamus in response to: increased osmolarity (dehydration) decreased blood volume or blood pressure stress inhibited by adequate hydration or ethanol ingestion
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
251
Located in the anterior neck inferior to the larynx (“Adam’s apple”)
Thyroid Gland
252
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body
Thyroid Gland
253
Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus
Thyroid Gland
254
formed from an amino acid (AA) –
tyrosine
255
targets all tissues except adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus and thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland
256
important regulator of growth and development in conjunction with hGH
Thyroid Gland
257
stimulates glucose metabolism increases basal metabolic rate increases body heat = thermogenesis
Thyroid Gland
258
decreased levels of thyroid hormones stimulate
TRH and TSH

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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