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Chp 25 PP Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system maintains what

A

fluid homeostasis

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2
Q

urinary system regulates what

A

regulation of volume and composition by eliminating certain wastes while conserving needed materials

regulation of blood pH

regulation of hydrostatic pressure of blood and, indirectly, of other body fluids

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3
Q

gluconeogenesis means

A

create new sugar

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4
Q

urinary system helps synthesize

A

calcitriol (active form of Vitamin D)

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5
Q

urinary system secretes

A

erythropoietin

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6
Q

what happens to the urinary system during starvation

A

performs gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

what does the urinary system deaminate

A

certain amino acids to eliminate ammonia

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8
Q

smallest fuctional unit of a kidney

A

hron

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9
Q

what are the three physiological processes of the nephron

A

1) filtration,

2) reabsorption 3) secretion

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10
Q

where are the kidneys located in the body

A

Retroperitoneal

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11
Q

nephrons are made up of what parts

A

renal corpuscle- where the glomerulus starts. Specifically afferent and efferent vessels.

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12
Q

nephrons are made up of what parts

A

renal corpuscle- where the glomerulus starts. Specifically afferent and efferent vessels.

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13
Q

why is the glomerulus pressurized

A

is meant to help filter things is pressurized because the afferent arterial is larger and efferent vessel is smaller

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14
Q

where is the glomerulus located

A

renal corpuscle

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15
Q

In the kidney the filtrate is carried by

A

the collecting duct system through the medulla

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16
Q

The urine is collected in the kidney where

A

at the papillae into the minor and major calyxes

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17
Q

Renal corpuscle

is what

A

site of plasma filtration

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18
Q

renal corpuscle is made up of

A

2 components

  • glomerulus
  • glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
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19
Q

glomerulus is made up of

A

tuft of capillary loops

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20
Q

glomerulus is fed by

A

afferent arteriole

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21
Q

glomerulus is drained by

A

drained by efferent arteriole

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22
Q

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

is?

A

double walled cup lined by simple squamous epithelium

outer wall (parietal layer) separated from inner wall (visceral layer = podocytes) by capsular (Bowman’s) space

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23
Q

what happens as blood flow flows through the capillary tuft?

What does not cross?

A

filtration occurs

  • water and most dissolved molecules pass into capsular space
  • large proteins and formed elements in the blood do not cross
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24
Q

where filtered fluid passes from capsule in the nephron

A

renal tubule

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25
pathway of fluid in the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) loop of Henle (nephron loop) distal convoluted tubule (DCT) short connecting tubules collecting ducts merge to papillary duct - then to minor calyx - 30 pap ducts/papillae
26
two different types of nephrons
Cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons
27
location of a nephron is related to
the length of loop of the nephron
28
15-20% of the nephrons have longer loops and increased
involvement in the reabsorption of water
29
Histology of the glomerular filtration membrane
- Three components to the filter | - From inside to out, the layers prevent movement of progressively smaller particles
30
what happens if you have a proteins, R/WBC, glucose inside of the glomerulus causing what
bursting kidneys, kidney failure
31
Endothelium of glomerulus
Single layer of capillary endothelium with fenestrations Prevents RBC passage; WBCs use diapedesis to get out
32
Basement membrane of glomerulus
Between endothelium and visceral layer of glom. capsule Prevents passage of large protein molecules
33
Filtration slits in podocytes in glomerulus
Podocytes specialized epithelium of visceral layer footlike extensions with filtration slits between extensions Restricts passage of medium-sized proteins
34
Histology of Filtration Membrane of glomerulus
1) Endothelium (pores inside) 2) Basement membrane 3) Filtration slits in podocytes
35
Renal Blood supply flow of kidneys
1) Renal arteries 2) Segmental arteries 3) Interlobar arteries - through columns 4) Arcuate arteries 5) Interlobular arteries
36
vessel that long networks from the efferent arteriole around the Loop (juxtamedullary nephrons)
Vasa recta
37
Peritubular capillaries of kidneys are known as
Vasa recta
38
Renal veins - exit where
hilus
39
Renin-Angiotensin System is what kind of apparatus
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
40
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is found where
Distal tubule contacts afferent arteriole at renal corpuscle
41
Angiotensinogenase is
renin | an enzyme
42
Angiotensinogenase is released when
only three times 1) Blood pressure down 2) blood volume down 3) sympathetic nervous system on
43
what is released during a hemmorrage or dehydration
renin | Angiotensinogenase
44
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole wall detect changes in blood pressure (a stretch reflex) Secrete enzyme renin to trigger Renin-Angiotensin System if blood pressure falls
45
Renin-Angiotensin System is secreted by
kidney
46
Angiotensinogenase when released creates
``` angiotensin I (inactive form) in lungs ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) is released then you release angiotensin II active form (very powerful vasoconstrictor) ```
47
why would someone be prescribed ACE inhibitor
to combat hypertension
48
what is Distal tubule contacts afferent arteriole at renal corpuscle
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
49
what does the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) | do
cells that detect pressure in the glomerulus
50
``` Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) tells the kidneys to do what when there is more pressure coming into the glomerulus ```
secrete more water
51
two cells at the efferent arterials Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
macula densa | and JG
52
cells work together to regulate blood pressure and blood volume
Both JG and MD
53
What does the D in VItamin D stand for
dicholecalciferol
54
dicholecalciferol is
vitamin d
55
kidneys can activate what in Vitamin D
calciferol
56
stimulate JG cells to
release renin if filtrate is too dilute, indicating insufficient filtration and/or low blood pressure/low blood volume
57
Macula Densa (MD) cells
special cells in the wall of the distal tubule in this area monitor the osmotic potential in the filtrate in the distal tubule
58
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells are
modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole wall detect changes in blood pressure (a stretch reflex)
59
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells secrete
enzyme renin to trigger Renin-Angiotensin System if blood pressure falls
60
diabetes insipidis is
clear. -lack of ADH (Anti diuretic hormone) -happens if you are an alcoholic not reabsorbing anything, causes you to be dehydrated -Can create more ADH but can hurt the kidneys permanently
61
What is the role of sympathetic stimulation on renal blood flow?
In “Fight or Flight” or muscular exertion: - decrease renal arterial flow - decrease urine production - maintain blood volume - increase systemic blood pressure
62
Glomerular filtration is the
first step in urine formation
63
Glomerular filtration
-forcing of fluids and dissolved solutes through membrane by hydrostatic pressure -same process as in systemic capillaries results in a filtrate 180 L/day, about 60 times plasma volume
64
lack of ADH causes
diabetes insipidis
65
acidosis
increased H ions
66
Cells of the renal tubule can elevate blood pH in 3 ways:
Secrete H+ ions into the filtrate Reabsorb filtered HCO3- Produce more HCO3
67
is a toxic waste absorbed from bacterial metabolism in the large intestine and ammonia is generated from the deamination of amino acids in the liver
Ammonia
68
Liver converts ammonia to
urea
69
cells can also deaminate certain amino acids and secrete additional NH4+ with a Na+/NH4+ antiporter when blood pH becomes acidic
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
70
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) reabsorbs
nutrients, electrolytes, and water

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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