chp 27 pp Flashcards
1
Q
Reproductive organs are grouped by
A
function gonads ducts accessory sex glands supporting structures
2
Q
gonads
A
testes and ovaries
- produce gametes and secrete hormones
- produce gametes and fluid; then discharge into duct system indicates exocrine function
- production of hormones indicates endocrine function
3
Q
receive, store, transport gametes
A
Ducts
4
Q
produce gametes and secrete hormones
A
gonads
5
Q
support gametes
A
Accessory sex glands
6
Q
supporting structures
A
various reproductive functions
7
Q
a system of ducts, accessory sex glands, and several supporting structures
A
testes
8
Q
2 fibrous sacs which support and protect the testes
A
scrotum
9
Q
muscles of the scrotum
A
cremaster muscle
dartos muscle
10
Q
sperm production requires temp
A
3 C below body temp
11
Q
involuntary muscle contraction does what to the testes
A
raises them
12
Q
paired oval glands 5 cm x 2.5 cm
A
testes
13
Q
development influenced by Y sex chromosome and by maternal hormonal levels
A
testes
14
Q
where do the testes develop
A
in the abdomen
15
Q
what are the testes surrounded by
A
dense connective tissue
16
Q
also forms septa creating lobules
200-300 lobules/testicle
A
internal fibrous capsule = tunica albuginea
17
Q
internal fibrous capsule of the testes
A
= tunica albuginea
18
Q
what cover the testes
A
tunica vaginalis (serous membrane) from peritoneum
19
Q
how many seminiferous tubules in each lobule
A
3
20
Q
Each seminiferous tubule is lined with
A
spermatogenic cells in various developmental stages
21
Q
prevents immune system response to sperm antigens in the testes
A
Blood-Testis Barrier
22
Q
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
A
- create blood-testis barrier with tight junctions
- respond to FSH and testosterone
- phagocytize shed excess spermatid cytoplasm
- control sperm movement and release into the tubule lumen
- secrete some nutrients for sperm
- secrete some fluid for sperm transport
23
Q
Interstitial endocrinocytes (interstitial cells of Leydig) are located
A
between tubules
24
Q
Interstitial endocrinocytes (interstitial cells of Leydig) secrete
A
testosterone in response to LH (= ICTH)
25
Spermatogonia undergo what to give rise to spermatazoa
meiosis
26
during spermatogenesis where does meiosis occur
occurs in the seminiferous tubules
27
what do spermatogenesis produce
haploid spermatozoa
28
how long do sperm live
64-72 days in humans
29
what are spermatogonia
diploid stem cells
30
by what mechanism do some spermatogonia remain as viable stem cells throughout their life
mitosis
31
if spermatogonia don't remain as viable stem cells what can occur
others undergo developmental changes to become primary spermatocytes and undergo meiosis
32
Reduction division
divided into three stages
1) primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
2) secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploid)
3) Spermatids mature morphologically into spermatozoa = sperm cells
33
primary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
34
secondary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploid)
35
Spermatids mature morphologically into
spermatozoa = sperm cells
36
what happens with spermatids cytoplasm
do not separate their cytoplasm completely
| they maintain cytoplasmic bridges until released into the tubule lumen
37
what do spermatids mature to
spermatozoa
38
what is spermatogenesis
spermatids maturing to spermatoza
39
How long does Spermatogenesis
| take
Requires 10-14 days for migration to and 3-4 days for maturation in the ductus epididymus
40
how are older sperm removed
gradually by phagocytes within the epididymus
41
are sperm normal or abnormal
Many sperms are abnormal, either morpholically, physiologically, or genetically
30% abnormal is considered “normal”
42
sperm cells are called
Spermatozoa
43
how many Spermatozoa mature a day
300 million/
44
how long do spermatoza survive following ejaculation
about 48 hrs following ejaculation in the female reproductive tract
45
what is it called when testosterone & DHT stimulate enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics
Puberty
46
what stimulates pattern development before birth (internal ducts)
testosterone
47
what pathway do sperm move through the ducts
move slowly from the lumen of seminiferous tubules straight tubules rete testis epididymis
48
what help move sperm along through ducts
continuous sperm and testicular fluid production move sperms along
49
what does the fluid in the ducts contain
H2O, androgens, estrogens, K+, glutamic acid, aspartic acid
50
posterior border of testes
epididymis
is tightly coiled tube - head, body, tail
6 m long if uncoiled
51
epididymis is made up of what tissue
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- microvilli provide nutrients
- reabsorb testicular fluid
- phagocytize degenerating older sperm
52
ductus epididymis
| is
site of sperm maturation (10-14 days) - motility
may remain in storage for a month, then reabsorbed
53
Ductus (vas) deferens
- less convoluted with a larger diameter
- ascends, enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canal
- loops up, over urinary bladder to end in the ampulla
54
Ductus (vas) deferens
- pseudostratified columnar epithelium with thick muscularis
| - transports sperm from epididymis to urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation
55
Ejaculatory Ducts are formed by
ducts from seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
56
Ejaculatory Ducts move
sperm into prostatic urethra before ejaculation
57
in males terminal tract for urinary and reproductive systems
urethra
58
what are the three regions of the males urethra
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy (cavernous) urethra
59
where does the urethra end on a male
at external urethral orifice at the bulb/glans of the penis
60
Accessory sex glands on males
seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
61
Accessory sex glands secrete what
the fluid portion of the semen
62
Seminal vesicles
- base of urinary bladder
| - 60% of semen volume
63
the male accessory sex glands secrete alkaline viscous fluid containing:
- fructose, ascorbic acid
- prostaglandins
- vesiculase (coagulating enzyme) keeps semen near cervix while sperm swim into cervix via flagellar movements
64
below bladder, around urethra in males
prostate
65
what does the prostate secrete in males
```
secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid with:
citrate
enzymes
phosphatase
fibrinolysin
prostate specific antigen (PSA)
```
66
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands in males
-beneath prostate gland at membranous urethra
-secrete:
alkaline fluid
mucus
-neutralize acidic urine
67
mixture of sperms and secretions
Semen
68
is sperm more acidic or alkaline
milky and mucoid
| and alkaline to decrease acidity of vagina
69
seminalplasmin
| is a
natural antibiotic
70
what happens to semen after ejaculation into vagina
coagulates
71
penis is made up of
root (attachment)
body (shaft)
glans penis (head)
72
root of penis is also called
bulb
73
3 cylindrical tissue masses surrounded by tunica albuginea
body of the penis
74
Each section of the penis body has
blood sinuses = erectile tissue
75
Arteries dilate with sexual stimulation, a parasympathetic reflex causes
an erection
76
what causes an erection in a male
Large quantities of blood enter the sinuses
- compress superficial veins from sinuses
- trapped blood erection
77
what happens to a bladder sphincter during erection in a male
Close bladder sphincter
- prevent urine flow
- prevent semen backflow
78
what type of reflex is ejaculation
sympathetic
79
Paired, small (pecan-sized) oval organs in the pelvic cavity
ovaries
80
what are the ovaries supported by
several complex fibrous ligaments
81
what kind epithelium are ovaries
Germinal epithelium
82
what is the connective tissue in the ovary
Tunica albuginea
83
fibrous connective tissue
| in ovaries
stroma
84
outer dense layer with ovarian follicles containing eggs = oocytes
cortex
85
inner loose fibrous connective tissue layer containing blood vessels
medulla
86
ovarian follicles consist of
- Primary follicles
- Secondary follicles with antrum formation
- Vesicular (Graafian)
87
follicles with large antrums
-Vesicular (Graafian)
88
follicles with antrum formation
Secondary follicles
89
after ovulation what form
```
Corpus luteum (“yellow body”)
Corpus albicans (“white body”)
```
90
Formation of haploid ova in the ovary
Oogenesis
91
steps of female reproduction
1) Reduction division - meiosis I (haploid)
2) Equatorial division - meiosis II
3) Maturation – potential for fertilization
92
structure of uterine
(1) infundibulum with fimbriae
(2) ampulla
(3) isthmus
93
Extend laterally from uterus to transport ova by peristalsis and cilia-generated current from the ovaries to the uterus
uterine (Fallopian) tubes = oviducts
94
Uterine tube histology- 3 cell layers
1) internal mucosa - ciliated columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells
2) middle muscularis
inner thick circular layer of smooth muscle
outer thin longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
peristaltic contractions and cilia-generated current move secondary oocyte toward uterus
3) outer serous membrane - perimetrium
95
what happens once a month for females
Once a month an ovarian follicle ruptures releasing a secondary oocyte (ovulation)
96
Oocyte drawn into the oviduct
by cilia-generated current on the fimbriae and within the tube by cilia and peristalsis
97
where does fertilization occur
- ideally in the ampulla – upper third of oviduct
| - becomes a zygote and then begins mitotic divisions
98
what happens to unfertilized oocytes
disintegrate and are swept out
99
Site of menstruation, implantation, fetal development, labor
uterus
100
Size and shape of an inverted pear
uterus
101
3 parts of Uterus
1) Fundus
2) Body with
3) Isthmus
102
narrow portion that opens into vagina
cervix
103
what does the cervix produce
produces cervical mucus; (20-60 mL/day)
104
what does the mucus plug do
keep microbes out
105
what does cervix, mucus do
- protect spermatazoa
- provide nutrients
- role in capacitation
106
Uterus bends
between its body and cervix
107
Uterus joins with
the vagina at a right angle
108
what do ligaments provide for females
provide stability – important especially during labor
109
ligaments
- broad ligaments
- uterosacral ligaments
- cardinal ligaments
- round ligaments
110
3 uterine layers
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
111
myometrium
-3 layers of smooth muscle
-thickest in fundus
-thinnest in cervix
for expulsion at labor
112
Perimetrium
= visceral peritoneum
113
endometrium
- highly vascular
- surface layer
- simple columnar epithelium
- ciliated, secretory cells
- uterine (endometrial) glands
114
3 layers of the endometrium
1) stroma (lamina propria) of glandular and connective tissues
- divided into 2 layers:
2) stratum functionalis (functional layer) shed during menstruation
3) stratum basalis (basal layer) - gives rise to stratum functionalis
115
female reproductive system gets its blood supply
from uterine arteries
- arcuate arteries
- radial arteries
116
circular arteries around the myometrium
arcuate arteries
117
radial arteries penetrate
into the myometrium with smaller branches
118
what arterioles change during menstruation
spiral arterioles
119
labor and delivery is called
fetal expulsion
120
what help regulate labor
Oxytocin and prostaglandins
121
what does ANS do
control contractions
122
Tubular, fibromuscular organ with mucous membrane
vagina
123
Between bladder, rectum
vagina
124
vagina has several functions
passage for menstrual flow, childbirth
| receives penis and semen
125
what is the vaginal oriface called
hymen
126
areolar connective tissue
Adventitia
127
stretches to receive penis and for accommodating childbirth
Muscularis
128
muscularis is made up of
smooth muscle - outer circular, inner longitudinal layers
129
- pudendum
| - Female external genitalia
vulva
130
anterior, adipose tissue
mons pubis
131
- lateral skin folds with sebaceous and sudoriferous glands
| - homologous to scrotum
labia majora
132
medial folds with sebaceous glands
labia minora
133
clitoris
- Anterior junction of labia majora
- Small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves
- Plays a role in sexual excitement
- Homologous to penis; has prepuce and glans
134
Vestibule
- Region between labia minora
- Mostly the vaginal orifice
- Bulb of vestibule
135
Bulb of vestibule
- 2 elongated masses of tissue
- fill with blood during sexual arousal
- narrows vaginal orifice
- increases pressure on penis
- homologous to corpora spongiosum and bulb of penis
136
External urethral orifice
- Anterior to vaginal orifice, posterior to clitoris
- Exterior opening of the urinary tract
- Proximity to vagina and anus increase risk of UTI
137
accessory glands on the female reproductive system
- Paraurethral (Skene's) glands
| - Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
138
Paraurethral (Skene's) glands
- On either side of external urethral orifice in the vulva
- Secrete mucus
- Homologous to prostate gland
139
Greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands
- Open in the area between hymen and labia minora
- Mucus secretion during sexual intercourse
- Some lesser vestibular mucous glands also present
- Homologous to bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland
140
- Diamond shaped area between thighs, buttocks
- Contains external genitals, anus
- anterior - pubic symphysis
- posterior - coccyx
perineum
141
Episiotomy
to ease labor
142
mammary glands
Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk
143
- exterior pigmented projection
| - many closely spaced openings - lactiferous ducts
nipple
144
- surrounding pigmented area
| - sebaceous (oil) glands
Areola
145
mammary glands have how many lobes
15-120
146
Mammary Gland Development
- Develop at puberty due to estrogen, progesterone
- Ducts develop, fat deposition occurs
- Areola and nipple enlarge; become pigmented
- Further development occurs following ovulation and corpus luteum formation in menstrual cycle or pregnancy
147
mammary glands Primary function is
milk synthesis
148
Secretion and ejection together =
lactation
149
Primary stimulus for milk production is
prolactin from the anterior pituitary
150
Stimuli for milk release (letdown) in response
suckling:
- oxytocin from posterior pituitary
- ANS reflexes
151
how many women will have breast cancer
12%
| 3.5% will die of breast cancer
152
risk factors for breast cancer
- family history
- early onset menses and late menopause
- no child or first child after age 34
- previous breast cancer
- exposure to ionizing radiation (x-rays)
- obesity, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking
153
Treatment
| for breast cancer
- lumpectomy (removal of tumor and surrounding tissue)
| - radical mastectomy (breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes)
154
Ovarian hormones target
uterus and breast
155
Anterior Pituitary hormones target
ovary
156
Hormones target several organs in the female reproductive system
Ovaries – Uterus – Breasts – CNS
157
3 Phases of Reproductive cycle
1) Day 1-4 - menstrual phase
2) Day 5-14 - preovulatory (proliferative) phase
3) Day 15-28 - postovulatory (secretory) phase
158
levels of estrogen/progesterone go down is
negative feedback
159
uterine spiral arteries constrict and
creates ischemic tissue
160
FSH levels rise (from day 25 of cycle) to
stimulate a few primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles
161
All follicles release low levels of
estrogen
162
by day four 20 follicles in the ovary
develop into primary and then secondary (growing) follicles
163
Preovulatory Phase - lasts
6-13 days
164
Menstrual and Preovulatory phase together are known as the
Follicular phase
165
By day 6 of the cycle, one follicle
outgrows others
166
dominant follicle does what
secretes & inhibin
167
estrogen & inhibin do what
reduce FSH secretion and all other follicles stop growing and degenerate = atresia
168
atresia
all other follicles stop growing and degenerate
169
what happens to estrogen when one follicle outgrows the other
estrogen levels increase
170
dominant follicle matures and is called, forming
- vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle (mature follicle)
| - forms a blister-like bulge on the surface of the ovary
171
Preovulatory Phase
1) Menstrual and Preovulatory phase together are known as the Follicular phase
2) By day 6 of the cycle, one follicle outgrows others
3) Dominant follicle matures
4) Follicle continues to secrete estrogen
5) Estrogen stimulates endometrial regrowth
172
Follicle continues to secrete estrogen
FSH is dominant early
| Close to ovulation, LH becomes important
173
Estrogen stimulates endometrial regrowth
- stratum basalis
- mitosis creates a new stratum functionalis
- endometrial glands redevelop
- arterioles coil and lengthen
174
what causes a rupture of vesicular follicle
LH pulse causes rupture of vesicular = Graafian follicle and release of oocyte into the pelvic cavity; occurs approximately day 14
175
when fimbriae becomes more active
cilia create currents in peritoneal fluid to carry oocyte into uterine tube
176
Secondary oocyte
- surrounded by follicular cells, corona radiata
| - secondary oocyte in metaphase II
177
what happens when estrogen causes changes in body temp
cervical mucus becomes less gelatinous
178
Prior to ovulation
- high estrogen exerts positive feedback on FSH, LH
- sudden surge of LH causes release of oocyte
- LH surge is measurable
179
Following ovulation
1) follicle collapses becoming corpus hemorrhagicum
2) follicular cells then enlarge, change character, form the corpus luteum
3) follicular cells respond to LH by secreting estrogen and now progesterone
180
Postovulatory Phase
- Most constant in duration, lasts for 14 days, from ovulation to the next menses
- LH stimulates corpus luteum development (luteal phase); corpus luteum secretes increased levels of estrogen and progesterone
- Progesterone prepares endometrium to receive an embryo (if it has developed sufficiently)
181
Progesterone prepares endometrium to receive an embryo (if it has developed sufficiently)
- growth and coiling of endometrial glands
- vascularization of surface endometrium
- endometrial thickening
- increased tissue fluid
- secretory phase for the endometrial glands
182
Postovulatory Phase
| If no fertilization
- estrogen and progesterone rise inhibit GnRH and LH
- corpus luteum degenerates (no LH) corpus albicans
- Levels of estrogen and progesterone DROP
183
What happens during the postovulatory phase when levels of estrogen and progesterone drop
- stop endometrial development
- stimulate next menstruation
- stimulate anterior pituitary hormones to begin next cycle
184
If fertilization occurs
- corpus luteum maintained until the placenta takes over
- maintained by hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- placenta produces estrogen, progesterone
185
home pregnancy test detects
hCG
186
stimulation causes vasodilation of capillary sinuses, compression of veins erection
parasympathetic
187
define male orgasm
sensory input including HR, BP, RR, pleasurable sensations, along with ejaculation
188
Female Reproductive Act
| Arousal – mediated by
Parasympathetic Division of ANS
| stimulation of breasts, genitalia, especially the clitoris, generat
189
Orgasm (climax) - maximal tactile stimulation of genitalia results in orgasm, mediated by
Sympathetic Division (ANS)
190
Sterilization
vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females (tubes cut and sealed)
191
Oral contraception – simulate “pregnant state”
- generally higher in progesterone and lower in estrogen
- negative feedback inhibition of FSH, LH and GnRH
- prevents follicular development and ovulation
- also alter cervical mucous and make endometrium less receptive to implantation
192
The only method likely to prevent STD's and reliable when used correctly
condoms
