Reproductive Recording Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
what causes you to have a different genetic makeup from your siblings
A
every time we copy the egg or sperm it is different genetic material
2
Q
by telephase you are what
A
a carbon copy of what you started out with
3
Q
when do chromosomes split
A
anaphase
4
Q
tetrad chromosome
A
4 locations on one axis
5
Q
what holds a chromosome together in the middle
A
centromere
6
Q
metaphase
A
all the chromosomes line up
7
Q
centrioles
A
mark each edge of the cell
8
Q
anaphase
A
is when the chromosomes start to pull apart
9
Q
metaphase and anaphase is when we
A
start to combine the genetic info and transfer chromosomes to each other
10
Q
telephase is
A
when the cells separate and create the clone
11
Q
mitosis vs meiosis
A
mitosis- clone
meiosis- we switch genetic material
12
Q
how many cells do you have after starting with one in meiosis. Are they carbon copies?
A
4
no, they are all different
13
Q
genetic variance happens?
A
so you have three different combinations of the same cell
14
Q
crossing over causes that genetic variance starts to happens when and continues to happen through
A
prophase
through anaphase
15
Q
homologous chromosomes
A
already paired up
aka full chromosomes
16
Q
haploid cell
A
half the cell
23 chromosomes
17
Q
diploid cell
A
46 chromosomes
18
Q
produce gametes/fluid and secrete hormones
A
gonads- testes and ovaries
19
Q
production of hormones indicates
A
endocrine function
20
Q
what do ducts do
A
receive, store, and transport gametes
21
Q
support glands
A
accessory sex glands
22
Q
male reproductive system is made up of
A
testes
a system of ducts
accessory glands
and several supporting structures
23
Q
is filled with 2 fibrous sacs which support and protect the testes
A
scrotum
24
Q
sperm production requires what
A
temp 3 degrees below
25
what raises the testes
involuntary muscle contraction
26
inside the sac (scrotum) is the
testes
27
muscles in the scrotum
dartos
| cremaster
28
what are the cremaster and dartos muscle responsible for
moving away the testes from a higher body temp
29
in order for optimal sperm production testes need to be what temp
3 degrees below body temp
30
two XX chromosomes mean
female
31
XY chromosomes means
male
32
what determines if the child is going to have a Y chromosome or not
the moms hormone levels
33
development of testes is influenced by
Y sex chromosomes and by hormonal levels
develop in abdomen
34
when do testes begin their descent
during the 7th month of development
35
what are the testes surrounded by
dense connective tissue
outer- tunica vaginalis
inner- tunica albuginea
36
what tubules make sperm
seminiferous
37
what does each lobule in the testes contain
3 seminiferous tubules
38
what is each seminiferous tubule lined with
spermatogenic cells in various developmental stages
39
what is found at the testes and seminiferous tubules
blood- testis barrier
40
what prevents immune system response to sperm antigens
testis barrier- Blood
41
do blood and sperm mix
no
42
how do testes receive their nutrients if blood never mixes
sustentacular sertoli cells
43
what do sertoli cells do
- create blood testis barrier with tight junctions
- respond to FSH and testosterone
- phagocytize shed excess spermatid cytoplasm
- control sperm movement
- secrete nutrients for sperm
- secrete fluid for sperm movement
44
what are located between tubules and secret testosterone in response to LH
```
interstitial endocrinecytes
(interstitial cells of leydig)
```
45
what do spermatogonia undergo to give rise to spermatozoa
meiosis
46
What does FSH stand for and where does it release from
follicular stimulating hormone
| anterior pituitary
47
two cells in the male reproductive system
interstitial or leydig cells
and
sustentacular sertoli cells
48
cells that specifically respond to LH lutinizing hormone
interstitial or leydig cells
49
FSH responders cells
sustentacular sertoli cells
50
which cells are responsible for testosterone production
interstitial or leydig cells
51
what happens when the anterior pituitary releases LH
and Lh acts on these interstital cells and these release testosterone
52
what does testosterone do
simulates masculine traits
53
what does spermatogenesis produce
haploid spermatozoa
54
during spermatogenesis what occurs in the seminiferous tubules
meiosis
55
how often does spermatogenesis happen
64-72
56
what do we start out with in the production of sperm
diploid stem cells so 46 chromosomes
57
what happens to the spermatogonia
by mitosis some remain as viable stem cells throughout life
| others undergo developmental changes to become primary spermatocytes and undergo meiosis
58
secondary spermatocytes undergo
meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploids)
59
haploid number
23
60
reduction division
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
61
spermatids mature morphologically into
spermatoza= sperm cells
62
spermatids do not
separate their cytoplasm completely
63
spermatids maintain
cytoplasmic bridges until released into the tubule lumen
64
spermatocytes become
spermatids
65
spermatocytes are not mature yet unless
they have a haploid number (23)
66
an active sperm able to fertilize an egg is known as
spermatozoa
67
how much percentage wise is sperm considered normal
70% and 30% are abnormal
68
spermatids mature physiologically into
spermatozoa
69
sperm requires how many days for migration and maturation
10-14 days for migration
| 3-4 days for maturation in the ductus
70
how are older sperms removed
gradually by phagocytes within the epididymis
71
true or false many sperms are abnormal
true
72
how many spermatozoa mature daily
300 million
73
how long can sperm survive in the reproductive tract
48 hours
74
structure of sperm
```
head
-nuclear material
acrosome- enzymes for penetration into egg
midpiece
-site of ATP production to power tail
Tail
-flagellum
```
75
what does the mitochondria of the spermatozoa have as energy
fructose
76
what hormones of the brain drives changes during puberty in males
anterior pituitary
| and hypothalamus
77
what hormone targets interstitial endocrinocytes
LH
78
hormone that targets sustentacular cells
FSH
79
what hormone is a binding protein that concentrates androgens for spermatids
androgen
80
what hormone causes negative feedback to the pituitary and hypothalamus
inhibin
81
gonado tropic (released there but acts on another gland) hormones are
FSH and LH
82
FSH and LH act on
intersitial cells to release testosterone
83
what tells the hypothalamus to stop sperm production
inhibin
84
what temp do the testicles have to be
3 degrees colder
85
when do the testicles and the descending testicles start to form
7th month
86
where is estrogen seen in males
from the testes, helps wire the brain
87
when does testosterone stimulate pattern development
before birth
| 7 months old
88
when does testosterone stimulate pattern development
before birth
| 7 months old
89
what happens to males during puberty
testosterone and DHT (dihydrogen testosterone) stimulate enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics
90
what do testosterone and dihydrogen testosterone do
increase male hormones producing male characteristics
91
what are secondary sex characteristics produced by testosterone
- muscular and skeletal growth
- pubic, axillary, facial and chest hair
- oil gland secretion
- layrnx enlargement
92
what are sexual functions produced by testosterone
- male sexual behavior and aggressive behavior
- spermatogenisis
- sex drive in both male and female
93
how is metabolism affected by testosterone
stimulates protein synthesis
94
what are anabolic steroids
testosterone
95
mixture of sperm and secretions
semens
96
what is the actual fluid or ejaculatory liquid
semen
97
average volume of semen
2.5-5.0 ml
98
sperm count per ml of semen
50-150 million sperm
99
sperm count below 20 million per ml of semen means
infertility
100
is semen alkaline or acidic
slightly alkaline because the vagina is acidic
101
what is the nutrient for sperm metabolism
fructose
102
what decrease mucous viscosity (thickness) and stimulate reverse peristalsis (sucking up)
prostaglandins
103
contains natural antibiotic
seminalplasmin
104
after ejaculation into the vagina what happens to semen
it coagulates
105
parts that make up penis
root
body
glans penis
106
what are the two bodies of the penis
corpus cavernosum
| corpus spongiosum
107
what is the root of the penis known as
bulb
108
the body of the penis is made up of
- 3 cylindrical tissue masses surrounded by tunica albuginea
- corpus spongiosum, corpus cavernosum
- surrounded by fascia and skin
- each section has blood sinuses= erectile tissue
109
what side of the nervous system is responsible for causing normal erection
parasympathetic
110
what has to be released in order for us to get the cavernosa to fill with blood during an erection
nitrous oxide
111
in order for the male to ejaculate what kind of reflex is it
sympathetic
112
what is it called when the arteries dialte with sexual stimulation and large quantities of blood enter the sinuses and the bladder sphincter is closed
an erection
113
ejaculation
is a sympathetic reflex
peristalsis happens
arteries constrict
capillary sinuses empty
114
what gas fills up the penis with blood
Nitrous oxide
115
fermata zoa is
23 chromosome cell
116
oocyte is
an egg
117
what does the ovary do
create follicles that turn into oocytes (eggs) that are released
118
fibrous connective tissue of the ovary
stroma
119
connective tissue of the ovary
tunica albuginea
120
cycle for women is typically
28 days
121
what is day one of your menstrual cycle
the first day you're bleeding (shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus)
122
the first half of your cycle or first 14 days
is geared to developing the oocyte by creating a primary follicle
123
the mature phase of a follicle is known as
a vesicular or graphean follicle
124
day 12-14 clear liquid discharge is released from
the vesicular follicle meaning you are fertile
125
what is the name of the vesicular follicle's outer lining
theca interna- contains the liquid known as discharge
126
day 14 what happens the vesicular follicle
pops out the egg and then travels through the fallopian tube in hopes of meeting a sperm
127
what hormone regulates egg production
estrogen
and
FSH (gonadotropic hormone)
128
estrogen day 1-14 does what
makes egg
129
where does the egg hope to meet a sperm
in the fallopian tube
130
where does fertilization occur
the fallopian or uterine tube, but the egg continues to travel and then embed in the endometrial lining
131
what hormone causes the release of the egg
LH (lutinizing hormone) stimulates the ovary to release the egg
132
what happens to the outer layer of the oocyte once it is released
the corpus luteum from day 15-28 secretes progesterone until it realizes its not prego... so it shrivels up and becomes corpus albucian
133
what is progesterones job
help the body get ready for pregnancy
134
symptoms of increased progesterone
bloated
heavy breast tissue
increased appetite
135
what causes the onset of menstruation
the decrease in estrogen and progesterone
136
oogenesis
formation of haploid ova in the ovary
137
steps of oogensis
1) reduction division- meiosis I (haploid)
2) Equatorial division- meiosis II
3) maturation- potential for fertilization
