Circadian Rhythms

Question 0

Where do sympathetic neurones arise from?

Answer 0

Spinal cord

Question 1

Where do parasympathetic neurones arise from?

Answer 1

The brainstems cranal nerve

Question 2

What are the features of the enteric nervous system?

Answer 2

Work autonomously but can receive parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation, consists mainly of myenteric plexus.

Question 3

What three properties must circadian rhythms have?

Answer 3

Repeat at least once per day, persist in the absence of external cues, adjust to local time

Question 4

Where in the brain are circadian rhythms controlled?

Answer 4

The suprachiasmatic nucleus- above the optic chiasm in the thalamus.

Question 5

What is the pathway of sleeps circadian rhythm?

Answer 5

Photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells to the hypothalamus, to the intermediolateral cell column, up the superiors cervical ganglion to the pineal gland and melatonin.

Question 6

What six things are controlled by circadian rhythms?

Answer 6

Sleep, alertness, cortisol, growth hormone, temperature and potassium

Question 7

How does frequency and amplitude change throughout the sleep stages?

Answer 7

Awake until stage 4, then frequency decreases and amplitude increases

Question 8

What waves are used for:

a) awake and active
b) awake
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 4?

Answer 8

a) alpha
b) beta
c) theta
d) delta

Question 9

Hat decreases during non-REM sleep?

Answer 9

Physiological function

Question 10

Which REM or non-REM sleep is deeper?

Answer 10

Non-REM sleep, stage 4

Question 11

Why do we sleep?

Answer 11

For ecological, metabolic and learning reasons.

Question 12

What is the hypothalamus directly linked to and why?

Answer 12

The pituitary gland, as it controls the release of many hormones

Question 13

Give the two types of neuroserectory cells of the pituitary gland?

Answer 13

Mangocellular and parvocellular

Question 14

What are the differences between magnocellular and parvocellular?

Answer 14

Magnocellular- are bigger, the hormones are released directly into the bloodstream and the axons project into the posterior lobe

Parvocellular- axons project into the anterior lobe and the hormones are released in two stages.

Question 15

Give and example of a magnocellular?

Answer 15

ADH- when blood pressure is low renin is secreted to convert angiotensin to angiotensin 1 and then 2.

Question 16

Give and example of a parvocellular?

Answer 16

Cortisol- ACTH is released to cause direct cortisol release from the adrenal gland.

Question 17

How is alertness controlled?

Answer 17

By an ascending reticular activating system

Question 18

What do brain stem lesions lead to?

Answer 18

Sleep and coma

Question 19

What does EEG stimulation cause?

Answer 19

Non-REM sleep to alert/awake form

Question 20

What neural systems are activated during wakefulness?

Answer 20

Noradrenaline, serotonin and histamine.

Question 21

What activity do cholinergic neurones in pons/midbrain border have: a) during waking and REM sleep and b) during non-REM sleep?

Answer 21

A) high

B) inactive

Question 22

What effect thalamo-cortical projections and cause them to be more polarised?

Answer 22

Cholinergic, serotninergic and neuroadrenergic projections

Question 23

What do EEGs measure?

Answer 23

Neural (electrical) activity

Question 24

What are the six stages of sleep?

Answer 24

Awake, 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM

Question 25

What is the hypothalamic pituitary axis important for?

Answer 25

Temperature control, blood pressure and hunger/satiety

Question 25

What is the hypothalamic pituitary responsible for?

Answer 25

The control of secretion of many hormones

Question 26

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 26

A subdivision of the autonomic NS

Question 27

What does the enteric NS do?

Answer 27

Works autonomously to control the activity of the GI tract