Memory and Learning

Question 0

Define memory?

Answer 0

Persistence of learning in a state that can revealed at a later time

Question 1

Define learning?

Answer 1

The process of acquiring new information

Question 2

Define encoding?

Answer 2

Processing of incoming information to be stored

Question 3

Define storage?

Answer 3

The result of acquisition and consolidation; creation and maintenance of a permanent record

Question 4

Define retrieval?

Answer 4

Utilisation of stored information to create a conscious representation or to execute a learned behaviour

Question 5

What does memory split into?

Answer 5

Short term/working memory and long term

Question 6

Hat does long term memory further divide into?

Answer 6

Declarative and non-declarative

Question 7

What are the two divisions of declarative, long-term memory which mean a) events and b) facts?

Answer 7

Episodic and semantic

Question 8

What are the subdivisions of non-declarative, long-term memory?

Answer 8

Priming, skills/habits, associate conditioning which is split into skeletal musculature and emotional response.

Question 9

Give the three memory mechanisms?

Answer 9

Sensory, long-term and short-term

Question 10

Give an example of a sensory memory mechanism?

Answer 10

Recalling a sentence you are not paying attention to listening

Question 11

What is a) visual and b) echoic memory in the sensory memory mechanism?

Answer 11

Visual-iconic and audition- echoic

Question 12

Which memory mechanism is the quickest?

Answer 12

Sensory, then short then long

Question 13

Give and example of a short term memory mechanism?

Answer 13

Remembering a phone number given by a friend before trying to dial it
-around a 7 item digit span

Question 14

Give an example of a long term memory mechanism?

Answer 14

Recalling an event from childhood

Question 15

How is short term memory made to last longer?

Answer 15

Through rehearsal

Question 16

What is the process of changing short to long and long to short?

Answer 16

Short to long is encoding and long to short is retrieval

Question 17

What is the capacity of the short term memory?

Answer 17

Limited.

5-9 item span.

Question 18

What is a memorist?

Answer 18

An individual with a remarkable memory. Most commonly for numbers. They use locational digit matching and visual imagery techniques to remember.

Question 19

What is a working memory model?

Answer 19

A central executive mechanism which controls 2 subcoordinate systems in rehearsal

Question 20

What is central executive?

Answer 20

Command and control centre

Question 21

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 21

Mechanism for acoustically coding information in working memory.

Question 22

What is a visual spatial sketch pad?

Answer 22

Information storage in visual or visual spatial codes

Question 23

What are the two subcoordinate systems involved in rehearsal?

Answer 23

Phonological loop and visual partial sketch pad

Question 24

What part of the brain effects visuospatial performance?

Answer 24

The parieto-occipital regions of both hemispheres

Question 25

What part of the brain effects the phonological loop?

Answer 25

The left supra-marginal gyrus and left promoter region

Question 26

What is another term for long term memory?

Answer 26

Explicit memory.

Question 27

How is long term memory recalled?

Answer 27

By conscious effort

Question 28

What is a recollection of an emotionally charged event?

Answer 28

A flashbulb memory. Usually vivid, a form of long term memory, high confidence of the more but not necessarily very accurate

Question 29

Where are long term memory brain systems formed?

Answer 29

Hippocampus, mammillary body, dorsal thalamus and rhinal cortex

Question 30

Where is long term memory brain systems stored?

Answer 30

In the neocortex and the frontal vortices on the dorsolateral and anteriolateral aspects.

Question 31

What are the four curiosities of memory?.

Answer 31

Olfaction, music, memory training, age

Question 32

What do certain smells do?

Answer 32

Invoke memories from years ago as the olfactory cortex is linked to the hippocampus and amygdala

Question 33

What is thought to improve memory?

Answer 33

Musical training, or listening to music

Question 34

Research is ongoing into daily memory training and synaptic plasticity, give examples of daily memory training activities?

Answer 34

Sudoku, crosswords, scrabble etc

Question 35

Does memory improve or decline with age?

Answer 35

Decline

Question 36

Why does memory differ with age?

Answer 36

There's a decrease in the number of synapses

Question 37

What is another way to say non-declarative long term memory?

Answer 37

Procedural or implicit memory

Question 38

How are skills and associations acquired in non-declarative memory?

Answer 38

Mainly at an unconscious level

Question 39

Name the 2 non-declarative memory systems?

Answer 39

Non-associative and associative

Question 40

What is the non-associative non-declarative memory system?

Answer 40

A change in motor response after repeated presentation to a stimuli

Question 41

What are the two subgroups of the non-associative, non-declarative memory system?

Answer 41

Habituation and sensitisation. Habituation is a decrease in response and sensitisation is an increase.

Question 42

What are the two subgroups of the associative, non-declarative memory system?

Answer 42

Classical conditioning- a change in passive motor response after a learned association between two stimuli. Instrumental or operant conditioning- change in active motor response after association between motor action and reward

Question 43

What are the brain system underlying procedural long term memory?

Answer 43

Basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, sensory association cortex and the cerebellum

Question 44

What is amnesia?

Answer 44

The pathological process of forgetting

Question 45

What are the two types of amnesia?

Answer 45

Anterograde- inability to establish new memories Retrograde- difficulty in retrieving memories

Question 46

What can synaptic plasticity do?

Answer 46

Enhance or decrease the strength of a synapse

Question 47

What causes synaptic plasticity?

Answer 47

Long term potention or depression in CA1