COM 2 Anatomy week 4 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is the defintion of basal nuclei
A
- Collections of gray matter
2
Q
Name the major components of basal nuclei
A
- Corpus striatum
-Amygdaloid nucleus
-Claustrum
3
Q
Name other parts thats functionally related to the basal ganglia
A
-Subthalamic nuclei
-Substantia nigra
-Red nucleus
4
Q
What is the major function of the basal nuclei
A
- Control of posture and voluntary movement
5
Q
What is the corups striatum lateral to
+ what is it divdied by and into what
A
- Lateral to thalamus
-Divided by internal capsuleinto:
-caudate nucleus
-Lentiform nucleus
6
Q
Why is the component of the basal nuclei called corpus ‘striatum’
A
Due to its striated apperance from gray matter strands
7
Q
Explain the structure of the cuadate nucleus + what it is divide into plus those structures
A
- Large C shaped gray mater mass
-Divided into :
Head:
Body: long narrow
Tail: ends in amygdaloid nucleus
8
Q
What does caudate and putamen equal
A
Striatum/neostriatum
9
Q
Explain the structure of lentiform nucleus+
- What is it medially and laterally seperated from and by what
A
Wedge shaped gray matter mass
-Mediall: Seperated from caudate and nucleus by internal capsule
-Laterally: seperated from claustrum by the external capsule
10
Q
What is the Lentiform nucleus divided into
A
- Putamen
-Globus pallidus
11
Q
Where is the amygdaloid nucleus located
A
In temporal lobe near the uncus
12
Q
What is the amygdaloid nucleus apart of
A
Limbic system
13
Q
What type of neurotransmitters does substantia nigra release + its effect
A
dOPAMIN , INHIBITOTY
14
Q
What is substantia nigra connected to
A
Corpus callosum
15
Q
What type of neurotransmitters does the subthalamic nuclei relase + its effect
A
Glutamate, excitatory
16
Q
What is subthalamic nuclei connected to
A
- Globus pallidus and substantia nigra
17
Q
What is the claustrum
+ what is it lateral to + sepreated by
A
Thin sheet of gray matter
-Lateral to lentiform nucleus seperated by external capsule
18
Q
What is input to the basal nuclei recieved by
A
Caudate nucleus and putamen
19
Q
What is output from the basa nuclei from
A
Globus pallidus
20
Q
Name the 4 Afferent(input) fibers/connections to the corpus striatum
A
- Corticostriate fibers
-Thalmostriate fibers
-Nigrostriatal fibers
-Brainstem striatal fibers
21
Q
Explain the corticostraite fibers
-Where its from
-Where it goes to
-Neurotransmitter used
A
- From: all parts of the cerebral cortx
To: Caudate nucleus and putamen
Neurotransmitter: glutamate
22
Q
Explain the Thalamostriate fibers:
-Where its from
-Where it goes to
A
-From: Intralaminar nuclei of the thalams
-To: Caudate and putamen
23
Q
Explain the Nigrostriatal fibers:
-WHere its From
-Where it goes to
-neurotransmitter used
A
From: SUbstantia nigra
To: Caudate and putamen
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
24
Q
Explain the brainstem striatal fibers :
-Where its from
-Neurotransmitter used
A
From: substantia nigra
-Neurotransmitter : Dopmaine
25
Name the efferent(output) connections from the corpus striatum
- Striatopallidal fibers
-Striatonigral fibers
26
Explain both the effernt fibers/connections from the corpus Striatum:
-Where the go to
-Neurotransmitter used
a. Striatopallidal fibers
To: Globus pallidus.
Neurotransmitter: GABA (inhibitory).
b. Striatonigral fibers
To: Substantia nigra.
Neurotransmitters: GABA, acetylcholine, or substance P.
27
Name the afferent fiber to the Globus pallidus + neurotransmitters
Striatopallidal fibers
- GABA
28
Name the Main 4 efferent tracts from the globus pallidus and where they go
Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic nuclei
Fasciculus lenticularis → Subthalamus
Pallidotegmental fibers → Caudal tegmentum of midbrain
Pallidosubthalamic fibers → Subthalamic nuclei
29
The basal nuclei are interconected with regions of the nervous system, forming what
Complex circuits
30
What is the main structures involved in processing
- Corpus striatum
31
Name the regions that send afferent information to the basal nuclei
- Premotor and supplementary motor cortex
-Primary sensory cortex
-Thalamus
-Subthalamus
Brainstem
32
What does the destructuon of the primary motor cortex result in
-Loss of fine, discrete movements
33
What does destruction of the corpus striatum cause
- Paralysis of remaning movements on the opposite side of the body
34
How does the basal nuclei help prepare the body for movement
- By controlling axial and girld movements
35
By the globus pallidus neurons becoming active before movement what does this ensure
- Ensures the body is positioned correctly bedofre the motor cortex initiates precise actions
36
What does the reticular formation resemble
- A net made of nerve cells and fibers
37
Where does the reticular formation extend from
- spinal cord to the cerebrum
38
What does the reticular formation recieve input from
- Sensory systems
39
What does the reticular formation control/ its function
- Skleteal muscle activity
-Somatic and visceral sensations
-Autonomic and endocrine systems
-Level of consciousness
40
What is the reticular formation composed of
- A continous network of nerve cells and fibers
41
What is the reticular system divided into+ explain their characteristics
- Median column- Intermediate sized neurons
-Medial column- large neurons
-Materal column- Small neurons
42
Why is the reticular formation hard to trace
Due to its diffues structure
43
Name the different pathways- where they come from, the reticular formation receives input from most parts of the CNS
- From the spinal cord
-From Cranial nerve nuclei
-From the cerebellum
-From higher brain centers
From cerebral cortex
44
Name the afferent tracts projections from the Spinal cord to the Reticular formation
- Spinoreticular tract
-Spinothalamic tract
-Medial lemnisci
45
Name the afferent pathways from the cranial nerve nuclei to the reticular formation
- Vestibula pathway
-Acoustic Pathways
-Visual pathways
46
Name the afferent pathway from the Cerebellum to the Reticular Formation
-Cerebelloreticular pathway
47
Name the afferent pathway from the higher brain centers to the cerebellum
- Subthalamic nuclei
-Hypothalamic nuclei
Thalamic nuclei
Corpus striatum
limbic system
48
Name the afferent pathway From the cerebral cortex to the reticular formation
- Primary motor cortex
-Somesthetic cortex
49
Name the efferent projections from the reticular formation- Where they go to
- TO brainstem and spinal cord
-To the autonomic Nervous system
-To Other brain structures
To the cerebral cortex
50
Explain the efferent projections- NAME THE TRACTS from the reticular formation TO the BRAINSTEM & SPINAL CORD
Reticulobulbar tract
Reticulospinal tract
51
Explain the effernt projections- Name the structures from the Reticular formation to the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Sympathetic outflow
-Craniosacral parasympathetic outflow
52
Explain the efferent projections- Name the structres from the Reticular formation to the CEREBRAL CORTEX
- Most cortical regions
53
Explain the efferent projections from the reticular formation to the OTHER BRAIN STRUCTURES - 5
- Corpus striatum
-Cerebellum
-Red nucleus
-Substantia nigr
-Tectum
54
In reticular formation , control of the the Skeletal mucles :
-What does it influence
-WHat does it modulate
What does it work with and why
-What does it include
- Infleunces alpha and gamma motor neurons
-Modulates muscle tone and relfex activit
-Works with vestibular system to maintain antigravity muscle tone
-Includes respiratory centers
55
In reticular formation, control of facial expresiion muscles :
-What does it coordinate
-What does the desceding tracts being seperated from corticobulbar fibers allo?
-Coordinates emotion related facial expressions
-Allow emotioal expressios even with facial paralysis from a stroke
56
In the reticular formation control of somatic and visceral sensations :
-What does it modify
-What does it play a key role in
-Modifies ascending sensory pathways
- Plays a key role in pain gating mechanisms
57
In the reticular formation control of the Autonomic nervous system :
- What does it act as
-What does it use
-Acts as a relay for higher contol from the cortex and hypothalmus
0Uses reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts
58
In reticular formation control of the endocrince system:
-What does it influce + and what does that regulate
Hypothalmic nuclei
-Regulates the release of releasing hormones
-Functions of the pituitary gland
59
In the reticular formation influence on biological rhythms :
-What does it affect
- It affects biological clocks and rhythms
60
What does the reticular activating syste regulate
Arousal, alertness and consciousness
61
What enhances the reticular activing system+ name a key neurotransmitter involved in this systm
Pain signals
-Ach
62
What does limbic mean
Border or margin
63
What does the limbic system include
Brain structures at the border between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
64
What is the limbic system involved in
- Emotion
-Behaviour
Memory
Drives(sex and hunger)
65
Name the 7 main limbic structures+ where they are
- subcollosal gyrus- under corpus callosum
-Cingulate gyrus- Above corpuscallosum
-Parahippocampal gyrus- Medial temporal gyrus
-Hippocampal formation- Deep in temporal lobe
-Amygdaloid nucleus- antrior temporal lobe
-Mamillary bodies- Part of hypothalmus
-Anterior thalamic nucleus- Part of thalamus
66
Name the 5 connecting pathways in the limbic system
- Alveus
-Fimbria
-Fornix
-Mammillothalamic tract
-Stria terminalis
67
What 3 structures does the hippocamapl formation include
- Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
-Parahipocampal gyrus
68
Explain the hippocampus as a component of the hippocampal formation:
-The structure + location
-What the anterior part is called
-What is it covered by
-Where does it end-
-Has a curved structure in the floor of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle
-Anterior part= pes hippocampus
-Covered by alveus
-Ends beneath splenium of corpus callosum
69
Explain the dentat gyrus( component of the hippocampal formation):
- Structure
-Where is it located
-What does it become posteriorly
- Narrow, notched band of gray matter
-Located between fimbria and parahippocampal gyrus
-Posteriorly becomes indusium griseum
70
Explain the parahippocampal gyrus as a component of hippocampal formation:
-Where does it lie between
Lie between hippocampal fissure and collateral sulcus
71
What is another name for the Amygdaloid nuclues
Amygdala
72
What is the meaning of amygdaloid nucleus
Almond shaped
73
Where the amygdaloid nucleus located apart from the temporal lobe
- Anterior and superior tip of the inferiro horn of the lateral ventricl
74
What sructure is the amygdaloid nuclues fues with
Tail of the caudate nucleus
75
What does the output pathway of the amygdaloid nucleus give rise to
Stria terminalis
76
explain what the amygdaloid nucleus is composed of + its components
-Composed of 2 groups of nuclei:
-Basolateral group - larger
-Corticomedial group-SMaller
77
What is the alveus+ location
Thin white matter layer on the entricular surface of the hippocampus
78
What dos the alveus converge medially to form
Frimbia
79
What is the fimbria+ what does it continue as
A bundle of fibers formed by alveus fibers
-Crus of the fornix
80
Name the parts of the fornix
-Crus
-Body
-Commisure of the fornix
-Anterior columns
81
What does the mamillothalamic tract connect+ what is it important for
Mammillary bodies to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus
-Limbic relay to the thalamus
82
Where does the stria termianlis arise from
-Posterior amyglada
83
In the parahippocampal gyrus as a component of the hippocampal formation explain its layers
- 6 layered cortex
84
In the hippocampus as a componet of the hippocampal formations explain its layers
Has a 3 layered cortex :
-Moleculer - outermost
-Pyramidal-contains large pyramidal neurons
-Polymorphic-inermost layers
85
Explain the layers of the dentate gyrus(component of the hippocampal formation)
- Has 3 layers
-Molecular layer
-Granular layer
-Polymorphic later
86
Name the 6sources that send afferent connectiosn to the hippocampus and
- Cingulate gyrus
-Septal nuclei
-controlateral hippocampus
-Indusium griseum
-olfactory area
-Dentate and parahippocampal gyri
87
Explain the pathway of eferent connection from the hippocampus starting from PYRAMIDAL CELLS
Pyramidal cells → Alveus → Fimbria → Crus of fornix → Body of fornix → Columns of fornix
Fornix fibers then project to various brain regions
88
What are the targets of the fornix fibers in the efferent connection from the hippocampus
- Mmaillry bodie
-Anterior thalamic nuclei
-Tegmentum of midbrain
-Septal nuclei
-Habenular nuclei
89
What is the main output center of the limbic system
Limbic system
90
Explain limbic system in the infleunce of emotional behaviour:
-The limbic system influences emotiosn via what
-WHt type of emotional reactiosn does it control
-Hypothalamus
-ANS
-Endocrine system
-Controls fear, anger sexual beahviour
91
In relation to the limbic syste being involved in memory, :
-What is the hippocamus essential for
-What does damage to the hippocamous lead to
-converting short term memory into long term memory
-Damage to the hippocamous leads to :
-Antergograde amnesia- inability to form new long term memories
92
When does greater memory loss occur- when what 2 structures are damaged
- Hippocampud + amygdala
93
What does the limic system do in relation to homestasis- what does it coordinate
Cooridnates homeostatic and behaviorual repsones to stimuli
94
In humans what does the destruction of the amygdala lead to
- ↓ Aggressiveness
↓ Emotional instability
↓ Restlessness
↑ Appetite
↑ Hypersexuality
No memory loss
95
What is Kluver-Bucy sundrome in monkeys
Bilateral temporal lobe removal
96
What does bilateral temporal lobe removal cause in monkeys
Lack of fear
Hypersexuality
increased appetit
97
What is temporal lobe dysfnction also knoen as
Epilepsy
98
What does the patentiens with epilepsy expereicne before the seziure occures explain.
They sense something called an aura :
-Acoustic area- Hear something
-Olfactory aura- Smel something unpleasent
99
How may ppl act after hacing seizures
- Confued, have no memory of the seizure afterwards
100
What are symptoms of schizophrenia+ what receptors play a role in the sympptoms + what can help to reducte the sympotoms
- Distorted thinking
-Paranoid hallucinations
-Dopamine receptors play a role
- Blocking dopamine receptors reduces symptoms
101
What is the problem with antipsychotic drugs - used to treat schiz,
They also affect dopaminergic receptors
-Leads to involuntary movemnts
