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Medicine Sem 2 > Biochemistry week 11 > Flashcards

Biochemistry week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 2 parts of the Adrenal gland

A
  • Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla
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2
Q

What is the function of the Adrenal cortex + example

A
  • Produces steroid hormones such as :
  • Mineralocorticoids
    -Glucocorticoids
    -Androgens
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3
Q

What is the 2 function of the Adrenal medulla

A

Poduces catecholamines such as :
Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopmaine
- Activates the SNS during stress

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4
Q

Name the 3 Adrenal cortex zones

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa- outer most
    -Zona Fasciculata- midle
    -Zona Reticularis- innermost
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5
Q

Explain what the 3 Adrenal cortex zones produce + what the 2 regulate + 1 contributes to

A

Zona Glomerulosa (outermost):
→ Produces mineralocorticoids :regulates Na⁺, K⁺, fluid balance.

Zona Fasciculata (middle):
→ Produces glucocorticoids → regulates glucose & protein metabolism.

Zona Reticularis (innermost):
→ Produces androgens → contributes to gonadal function

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6
Q

In the HPA axis explain the process string from CRH from Hypothalamus

A

CRH (from hypothalamus) → stimulates release of

ACTH (from pituitary) → stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

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7
Q

In the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis ( HPA axis) what is ACTH made from

A

A precursor called POMC, which also produces MSH and Endorphins

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8
Q

What is the Adrenal cortex controlled by

A

ACTH from pituitary

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9
Q

What is the Adrenal medulla controlled by

A

Autonomic Nervous system

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10
Q

What are all adrenal cortex hormones derived from

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

Give an example of a steroid hormones with C21 and C19

A

C21- Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid
C19- Andrigens

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12
Q

What increases ACTH secretion

A

Stress

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13
Q

What is the main glucocorticoid hormone

A

Cortisol

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13
Q

When does ACTH secretion peak and drop

A

peaks: early morning
Drops: in evening

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14
Q

Name all the metabolic effects of cortisol- Major glucocortcoid

A

-↑ Gluconeogenesis

↑ Glycogen storage

↑ Protein breakdown

↑ Fat breakdown

↑ Appetite

↑ Insulin resistance

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14
Q

Explain the affects of cortisol- major glucocorticoid in wound healing

A

Inhibits fibroblasts → ↓ collagen → ↓ healing

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15
Q

Explain the process in cortisol signaling mechanism

A
  • Binds to cytoplasmic receptor

Receptor-hormone complex moves to nucleus

Modifies gene transcription across tissues

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16
Q

What is Adrenal insufficiency

A

The inability to produce to enough steroid horomes, mainly cortisol

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17
Q

Name the 2 types of Adrenal insufficiency

A
  • Primary adrenal insufficency- Addisons disease
    -Secondary (central) adrneal insufficency
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18
Q

What is the problem in Primary adrenal insufficiency ( Addisons disease) and what does it lead to

A
  • Problem with the adrneal gands themsleves
    -Leads to low cortisol and and Aldosterone
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19
Q

What is the problem in Secondary adrenal insufficency + what does it lead to

A

Problem with pituitary or hypothalams
-Lead to low ACTH which leads to low cortisol

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of Adrenal insufficency

A
  • Fatigue, weakness
    -Weight loss
    Salt/sugar cravings
    -Loss of body hair
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21
Q

What are common causes of primary Adrenal insufficency

Study These Flashcards
A

-Autoimmune
-Tumors
-Hemorrhage

22
Q

How is Adrenal insufficency treated

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A

Glucocorticoid replacement
Mineralocorticoid replacemnt

23
What is cushing syndrome
Chromic overproduction of cortisol
24
What are the exogenous and endogenous causes of cushing syndrome
- Exogenous- Long term glucocorticod use - Endogenous- ACTH- dependent and ACTH-independent
25
What are symptoms of cushing syndrome
- Central obesity -Moon face -Muscle weakness -Osteporosis
26
How is cushing syndrome diagnosed
- Dexamethasone supression test
27
What is hyperalodsteronism
excess Mineralocorticoid , too much aldosterone
28
What is the function of aldosterone + what it leads to
It Increases Na and water reabsoprtion, K+ excretion This leads to : -High blood pressure -Hypokalemia -Metabolic alkalosis
29
What is the primary causes of hyperaldosteronism
Conns syndrom + bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
30
What is the secondary causes of hyperaldosteronism
Increased renin, which leads to increased aldosterone
31
What happens when there is too much Androgen( Male sex hormone)
- Leads to deep voice -Increased size of penis,muscles, sperm production,RBCs
32
What is the causes of testosterone deficiency
- Trauma , inflammation
33
What is the definition of precocious puberty
- Sexual development before normal age
34
What are the causes of precocious puberty
- Exogenous androgen -Early activation of Hypothalamic, pituitary, gonadal axis
35
What does FSH stimulate
- It stimulates follicle devlopment and estrogen production
36
What does LH trigger
ovulation
37
What is 7dehydrocholestrol Reductase (DHCR7)
Membran bound enzyme in ER
38
What is the function of 70dehydrocholestrol 7n
Converts 7-DHC into cholestrol
39
What is a deficiency in 7-dehydrocholestrol reductase caused by + what it leads to
-A mutation in the DHCR7 gene Which leads to accumulation of 7-DHC and low cholestrol levels
40
Name a disorder caused by the mutation of the DHCR7 gene
Smith-Lemil-Opitz syndrom
41
What type of inheritance does smith lemil Opitz have?- Name the types of this disorder + characteristic
- Autosomal recessive -Type 1- mold type 2- severe
41
What are symptoms of Smith-Lemil-Opitz syndrome
microcephaly cleft palate intellectual disability
42
How can defect in 7 DHC BE treated
With cholesterol supplements
43
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Genetic disorder due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
44
What production does congenital adrenal hyperplsia affect
Adrenal steroid hormone production
45
Explain all the hormonal affects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- decrease in cortisol -decrease in aldosterone -inrease in androgens -
46
What are symptoms of CAH in infants
-Vomiting
47
What are symptoms of CAH in children
Early puberty rapid growth
48
What are symptoms of CAH in adults
Irregular menstration
49
Name the types of CAH+ severity
- Classic salt wasting form-severe -Simple virilizing form- Mild -Non classic form- mild
50
What type of vitamin is vitamin D
Fat soluble
51
Name the 2 forms of vitamin D + where they come from
-D2- from plants -D3- from skin
52
What is the function of vitamin D
Increases calcium and phosphate absorption maintains bone health
53
What does deficicency in vitamin D lead to
Rickets, osteomalcia

Medicine Sem 2 (73 decks)

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