Dani - ch 2

Question 1

when the cell is exposed to excessive physiologic or pathologic stimuli, it may undergo: (2)

Answer 1

adaptation

cell injury

Question 2

___ is the most common cause of cell injury

Answer 2

hypoxia

Question 3

___ is due to decreased blood supply

Answer 3

ischemia

Question 4

___: inadequate oxygenation of blood, or loss of oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Answer 4

hypoxia

Question 5

physical agents that cause cellular injury: (4)

Answer 5

trauma
thermal injury
radiation
electric injury

Question 6

chemical agents that cause cellular injury: 2

Answer 6

therapeutic agents

non-therapeutic agents

Question 7

infectious agents that cause cellular injury: 4

Answer 7

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

Question 8

genetic defects can cause ___ ___

Answer 8

cellular injury

Question 9

nutritional imbalances can cause cellular injury: 2

Answer 9

deficiency

excess

Question 10

2 immunologic reactions that cause cellular injury

Answer 10

hypersensitivity

autoimmune disease

Question 11

cell damage is reversible or irreversible, depends on:

• ___ of the agent and its severity
• ____ of insult
• ____ of cell
• ____ of tissue to regenerate

Answer 11

nature
duration
type
ability

Question 12

___ cells cant survive without oxygen for more than a few minutes (3-5)

Answer 12

brain

Question 13

myocardial fibers, hepatocytes, and renal epithelium cant survive without oxygen for more than __-__ hours

Answer 13

.5-2

Question 14

skeletal muscles and skin cant live without oxygen for more than ___ hours

Answer 14

several

Question 15

4 intracellular systems are more vulnerable to cell injury:

Answer 15

cell membranes
aerobic respiration and ATP generation
genetic apparatus
protein and enzyme synthesis

Question 16

reversible changes:

• ___ interferes with aerobic respiration in mitochondria
• loss of ___-dependent Na+/K+ pump in plasma membrane
• intracellular accumulation of ____, diffusion of ___ and osmotic gain of ___

Answer 16

na+
K+
water

Question 17

intracellular accumulation of Na+, diffusion of K+, and osmotic gain of water leads to:

• ___ cloudy appearance of swollen cells due to dispersion of cytoplasmic organelles
• cell membrane shows ___ of microvilli

Answer 17

cloudy

blunting

Question 18

changes in cytoplasmic organelles:

- swelling in ___ ___, ___ and ___

Answer 18

endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
lysosomes

Question 19

swelling of endoplasmic reticulum:

• ___ degeneration
• detaches ribosomes –> ___ protein synthesis
• appears ___, accumulation of these fragments is known as ___ ___

Answer 19

hydropic
decreased
fragmented
myelin figures

Question 20

swelling of mitochondria

- further impairment of ___ synthesis

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

metabolic changes:

• ____ aerobic respiration
• __ rate of anaerobic glycolysis to maintain energy requirement of cell

Answer 21

decreased

increased

Question 22

cellular swelling: ___ degree of intracellular edema and ___ manifestation of cell injury

Answer 22

minor

1st

Question 23

cellular swelling to the naked eye:

• ___ size and weight of organ
• ___

Answer 23

increased

pallor

Question 24

cellular swelling microscopically:

• cytoplasm is ___ and ___ with accumulation of small amounts of water
• further __ in fluid content –> swelling of cytoplasmic ____ –> ___ cytoplasmic vacuoles (hydropic degeneration)

Answer 24

pale; swollen

increase; organelles; clear

Question 25

fatty change: accumulation of fat within ___ cells of liver (due to hypoxia, alcohol or diabetes)

Answer 25

parenchymal

Question 26

fatty change: | - membrane-bound lysosomes coalesce together producing fatty ___

Answer 26

cysts

Question 27

fatty change: | - appears as ___ due to accumulation of fatty droplets

Answer 27

vacuoles

Question 28

irreversible damage of cell membranes: | - damage of cell membrane --> ____ of protein essential enzymes, co-enzymes, and RNA

Answer 28

loss

Question 29

irreversible damage of cell membrane: | - ___ of mitochondria

Answer 29

vacuolization

Question 30

irreversible damage of cell membrane: | - release of ___ enzymes --> ___ of cytoplasm

Answer 30

lysosomal | digestion

Question 31

____: small dense nucleus

Answer 31

pyknosis

Question 32

___: fragmentation of the nucleus

Answer 32

karyorrhexis

Question 33

___: dissolution of nucleus by lysosomal enzymes

Answer 33

karylolysis

Question 34

___: death of group of cells within a living body caused by injurious agent

Answer 34

necrosis

Question 35

post necrotic changes to the nucleus (3)

Answer 35

pyknosis karyorrhexis karyolysis

Question 36

post necrotic changes to the cytoplasm = ___

Answer 36

swollen

Question 37

post necrotic changes to the architecture: depends on whether ___ of proteins or ___ digestion prevails

Answer 37

denaturation | enzymatic

Question 38

___ of proteins: necrotic cells preserve the outline of original tissue

Answer 38

denaturation

Question 39

___ digestion: cell lysis, necrotic tissue, appears without strucutre

Answer 39

enzymatic

Question 40

____ necrosis: most common type

Answer 40

coagulative

Question 41

cause of coagulative necrosis: ____

Answer 41

ischemia

Question 42

mechanism of coagulative necrosis: cell injury --> intracellular ____ --> denaturation of ___ protein and ___ protein --> ___ cells retain their outline

Answer 42

acidosis cytoplasmic enzyme

Question 43

naked eye of coagulative necrosis: area appears ___, ___ and ___

Answer 43

pale firm swollen

Question 44

microscopic image of coagulative necrosis: - cells ___ of nuclei appear as a mass of __ homogenous cytoplasm - keep ___ for several days till removed by phagocytosis

Answer 44

devoid | outline

Question 45

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism: | - cell ___ prevails over protein denaturation

Answer 45

lysis

Question 46

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism: | - necrotic tissue looks ___, ___ - like

Answer 46

soft, liquid

Question 47

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism: | - causes of necrotic tissue in the brain: more abundant ___ enzymes and lack of good ___ support

Answer 47

lysosomal | structural

Question 48

colliquative (liquefactive) necrosis mechanism: | - ____ inflammation: potent proteolytic enzymes of neutrophils

Answer 48

suppurative

Question 49

in caseous necrosis, necrotic tissue appears ___ and ___

Answer 49

white | cheesy

Question 50

cause of caseous necrosis

Answer 50

TB

Question 51

mechanism of caseous necrosis | - ___ necrosis with partial ____

Answer 51

coagulative | liquefaction

Question 52

mechanism of caseous necrosis | - necrotic tissue neither __ their outline nor __ by lysis

Answer 52

retain | disappear

Question 53

mechanism of caseous necrosis | - appear as amorphous debris of ____ coagulated cells

Answer 53

fragmented

Question 54

in caseous necrosis | - debris appears ____ ___ in color and is ___ and ____ in texture

Answer 54

grayish white soft friable

Question 55

in caseous necrosis | - it resembles ___ ___

Answer 55

clumpy cheese

Question 56

caseous necrosis in TB lymph node | - typical amorphous, eosinophilic, necrotic center is surrounded by ____ inflammation

Answer 56

granular

Question 57

cause of enzymatic fat necrosis | - release of ___ enzymes to surrounding tissue

Answer 57

pancreatic

Question 58

mechanism of enzymatic fat necrosis | - ___ and ___ attack plasm membrane of fat cells and ___ split TGs into fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 58

phospholipases proteases lipases

Question 59

mechanism of enzymatic fat necrosis | - fatty acids combine with ___ --> calcium soaps: hard ___ ___ patches. formed of necrotic ___cells, ___ and ___

Answer 59

``` calcium chalky white fat calcification fibrosis ```

Question 60

traumatic fat necrosis: | - ___ to fatty tissue

Answer 60

trauma

Question 61

traumatic fat necrosis: | - release of ___ fat --> ___ inflammation and fibrosis --> ___ mass mistaken for breast cancer

Answer 61

intracellular acute firm

Question 62

fibrinoid necrosis: | - ___ of normal structure, its replacement by ___ material that resembles fibrin

Answer 62

eosinophilic

Question 63

2 causes of fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 63

malignant hypertension | autoimmune diseases

Question 64

malignant hypertension in fibrinoid necrosis: | - necrosis of ___ ___ of arterioles, leakage of plasma membrane and deposition of __

Answer 64

tunica media | fibrin

Question 65

autoimmune diseases in fibrinoid necrosis: - ___ ___ in RA - breakdown products of ___ and ___

Answer 65

synovial membranes collagen fibrin

Question 66

___: mass necrosis of tissue due to vascular occlusion followed by putrefaction

Answer 66

gangrene

Question 67

___ gangrene: occurs in toes and feet due to gradual occlusion of arteries --> coagulative necrosis

Answer 67

dry

Question 68

in dry gangrene: | - necrotic tissue is ___, ___, ____ and ___

Answer 68

dry shrunken mummified black

Question 69

dy gangrene: | - ___ ___ ____ between gangrenous area and adjacent living tissue

Answer 69

line of demarcation

Question 70

frostbite is ____ gangrene

Answer 70

dry

Question 71

wet gangrene occurs in ___ and ___ ____

Answer 71

limbs and internal organs

Question 72

wet gangrene: necrotic tissue is ___, ___ and ___

Answer 72

swollen moist black

Question 73

wet gangrene = ____ necrosis

Answer 73

liquefactive

Question 74

gas gangrene | - both necrosis and putrefaction are caused by ____

Answer 74

bacteria

Question 75

gas gangrene | - due to contamination of ___ ___ involving muscles with ___ ___

Answer 75

deep wounds | clostridium perfringens

Question 76

gas gangrene will have a ___ sensation on palpation

Answer 76

crackling

Question 77

___: death of single cells within clusters of other cells

Answer 77

apoptosis

Question 78

2 features of apoptosis

Answer 78

cell shrinkage | nucleus changes

Question 79

in apoptosis: | - chromatin aggregates into ___ masses on nuclear membrane

Answer 79

irregular

Question 80

nucleus breaks into ___ or more fragments in apoptosis

Answer 80

2

Question 81

formation of apoptotic bodies: | - extensive sufaces ___ that separate into numerous ___ bodies

Answer 81

bled | apoptotic

Question 82

formation of apoptotic bodies: | - ____ of apoptotic bodies by adjacent cells --> degraded by ___ enzymes

Answer 82

phagocytosis | lysosomal

Question 83

physiological causes of apoptosis: | - development of ____ in hollow organs during embryogenesis

Answer 83

lumina

Question 84

physiological causes of apoptosis: | - involution of ____ in adults

Answer 84

thymus

Question 85

physiological causes of apoptosis: | - ___ of self reactive lymphocytes in thymus

Answer 85

deletion

Question 86

pathological causes of apoptosis: | - cell injury in ___ ____ --> apoptotic bodies are taken by ___ cells

Answer 86

viral hepatitis | liver

Question 87

apoptotic bodies are also known as ___ bodies

Answer 87

councilman