dani - ch 4

Question 1

atrophy of cell

- decrease in the size of cell by loss of cell substance –> ___ metabolic and functional activity

Answer 1

decrease

Question 2

atrophy of organ

- decrease in size due to a decrease in ___ of cell or ___ of cells

Answer 2

size

number

Question 3

mechanism of atrophy = ____ response

Answer 3

adaptive

Question 4

pathogenesis of atrophy

• ___ in amount of cytoplasm
• ___ in number of cytoplasmic organelles
• marked ___ in number of autophagic vacuoles where cytoplasmic organelles are degraded by ___ enzymes
• resistant depris accumulate in ____ like ___

Answer 4

decrease
decrease
increase
lysosomal
lipfuscin

Question 5

physiological atrophy:

• ___ vessels and ductus arteriosus
• ___ after puberty
• ___, ___ and ___ after puberty
• ___ atrophy in elderly men
• reduction in ___ ___ in elderly

Answer 5

umbilical
thymus
ovaries; breasts and uterus
testicular
muscle mass

Question 6

____ atrophy: decrease in function (skeletal muscles and bones in immobilized fractured limb)

Answer 6

disuse

Question 7

___ atrophy: loss of innervation

Answer 7

denervation

Question 8

____ atrophy: loss of blood supply (hypoxia and atherosclerosis)

Answer 8

ischemic

Question 9

___ atrophy: hypoxia –> atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue over sacrum in bedridden patients or atrophy of BVs due to mass/tumor)

Answer 9

pressue

Question 10

loss of ___ stimulation can lead to atrophy (menopause and cancer treatments)

Answer 10

endocrine

Question 11

____ atrophy: lack of nutrition

Answer 11

nutritional

Question 12

___-____ atrophy: corticosteroids applied topically –> skin atrophy

Answer 12

hormone-induced

Question 13

aging can cause brain atrophy in ___ ___

Answer 13

senile dementia

Question 14

___: increase size of a tissue or organ due to increase size of an individual cell

Answer 14

hypertrophy

Question 15

mechanism of hypertrophy: ___ response to increased functional demand of tissues made up of permanent cells (____ divide)

Answer 15

adaptive

cannot

Question 16

pathogenesis of hypertrophy:

• ____ amount of cytoplasm
• ___ number of cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 16

increase

increase

Question 17

pathological hypertrophy

• ___ functional demand
• ____ hormonal stimulation

Answer 17

increase

increase

Question 18

pathological hypertrophy

increased functional demand is seen in the left ventricle of ____ patients

Answer 18

hypertensive

Question 19

pathological hypertrophy

increased hormonal stimulation is seen in ___ due to secretion of GH

Answer 19

acromegaly

Question 20

physiologic hypertrophy:

- increased functional demand like ___ muscles in body builders

Answer 20

striated

Question 21

physiologic hypertrophy:

- increased hormonal stimulation as in uterine muscles during ___

Answer 21

pregnancy

Question 22

____: increase size of an organ or tissue as a result of increased number of component cells

Answer 22

hyperplasia

Question 23

mechanism of hyperplasia:

- ADAPTIVE response to increase functional demand of tissue made up of ___ or ___ cells (___ divide)

Answer 23

labile
stable
can

Question 24

____, ____ and __ ___ cells have little or no ability to become hyperplastic

Answer 24

heart
nerve
skeletal muscle

Question 25

physiologic hyperplasia: - hormonal - epithelium of female breast at ___ - normal ___ cycle

Answer 25

puberty | menstrual

Question 26

physiologic hyperplasia: - compensatory liver cells following partial ___

Answer 26

hepatectomy

Question 27

pathological hyperplasia - endometrium due to ___ estrogen stimulation - adrenal glands due to ___ secretion of ACTH

Answer 27

excessive | increase

Question 28

in hyperplasia there is ___ stimulus

Answer 28

known

Question 29

hyperplasia is ____

Answer 29

reversible

Question 30

the cells in hyperplasia look ___

Answer 30

normal

Question 31

neoplasia may occur ____ stimulus

Answer 31

without

Question 32

neoplasia is ____

Answer 32

irreversible

Question 33

neoplasia is ___ in malignant

Answer 33

abnormal

Question 34

____: replacement of one adult mature cell type by another cell type

Answer 34

metaplasia

Question 35

mechanism of metaplasia: adaptive replacement of cells that are sensitive to stress by more __ ones (____ change)

Answer 35

resistant | reversible

Question 36

___ metaplasia: replacement of columnar ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract --> stratified squamous epithelium in smokers

Answer 36

squamous

Question 37

___ metaplasia: replacement of the normal stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus --> mucous-secreting epithelium in reflux esophagitis (hiatal hernia)

Answer 37

glandular

Question 38

__ ____: herniation of a portion of the gastric funds alongside the esophagus

Answer 38

paraesophageal hernia

Question 39

____ metaplasia in scars and areas of muscle trauma

Answer 39

osseous

Question 40

___: abnormality in maturation and differentiation of epithelium (___ condition)

Answer 40

dysplagia | premalignant

Question 41

causes of dysplagia - prolonged ____ - prolonged ___ - exposure to _____

Answer 41

irritation inflammation carninogenics

Question 42

___ ___ detects dysplagia int he cervix

Answer 42

pap smear

Question 43

pathological features of dysplagia | - ___ rate of cellular multiplication: numerous mitotic figures --> ___ epithelial bulk

Answer 43

increased | increased

Question 44

pathological features of dysplagia | - loss of ___ of cells (ie pleomorphism)

Answer 44

uniformity

Question 45

pathological features of dysplagia | - loss of epithelial _____ (ie squamous epithelium may not show the normal differentiation from basal cells)

Answer 45

polarity

Question 46

nucleus is dysphagia ___ size ___ chromatin content ___ chromatin

Answer 46

increase size increase chromatin content abnormal chromatin

Question 47

___ ____: abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues

Answer 47

pathological calcification

Question 48

pathological calcification to the naked eye has fine white ___ or ___

Answer 48

granules | clumps

Question 49

microscopic pathological calcification | - initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in the ____ of dead or dying cells

Answer 49

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 50

microscopic pathologic calcification | - progressive deposition of several layers --> ___ appearance in the intracellular, extracellular or both

Answer 50

lamellated

Question 51

____ ___ = lamellated appearance

Answer 51

psammoma bodies

Question 52

___ calcification: deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue

Answer 52

dystrophic

Question 53

3 examples of dystrophic calcification

Answer 53

atherosclerosis necrotic tissue heart valve in rheumatic fever

Question 54

___ calcification: deposition salts in normal tissue where there is hypercalcemia

Answer 54

metastatic

Question 55

4 causes of metastatic calcification

Answer 55

hyperparathyroidism vit D intoxication hyperthyroidism bone sumors

Question 56

____: failure of development of an organ or structure with in it

Answer 56

agenesis | aplasia

Question 57

_____: failure of the development of a lumen in normally tubular structure

Answer 57

atresia

Question 58

___: failure of an organ to attain its normal size

Answer 58

hypoplasia

Question 59

_____: failure of normal organ differentiation or persistence of primitive embryological structures

Answer 59

maldifferentiation | dysgenesis

Question 60

____: development of mature tissue in an inappropriate site

Answer 60

ectopia | heteropia