Dani - ch 3

Question 1

intracellular accumulation:

normal cells may ___ abnormal amounts of various substances

Answer 1

accumulate

Question 2

intracellular accumulation:

- accumulation of cells can be either ____ or ____

Answer 2

transient

permanent

Question 3

intracellular accumulation:

- may be ___ or may cause varying degrees of ___

Answer 3

harmless

injury

Question 4

intracellular accumulation:

- substances may either be in ___ or ___

Answer 4

cytoplasm

nucleus

Question 5

intracellular accumulation:

- substances may be synthesized by ___ cell or may be produced ____

Answer 5

affected

elsewhere

Question 6

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be divided into 3 types

Answer 6

a normal endogenous substance
lack of enzyme
accumulation of an abnormal substance

Question 7

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a normal endogenous substnace is produced at a normal or increase rate, but the rate of metabolism is ___ to remove

Answer 7

inadequate

Question 8

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be a lack of ____ needed for metabolism of a normal or abnormal endogenous substance

Answer 8

enzyme

Question 9

result in abnormal intracellular accumulation can be an accumulation of an abnormal ___ substance

Answer 9

exogenous

Question 10

a normal endogenous substance (abnormal metabolism) being accumulated happens in ____ ____ in the liver

Answer 10

fatty tissue

Question 11

a lack of enzyme being accumulated happens in ____ _____ ____ (prevents the break down of substances)

Answer 11

lysosomal storage disease

Question 12

abnormal exogenous substance (inability to degrade phagocytosed particles) being accumulated happens in ____ or ____ ____

Answer 12

carbon or silica particles

Question 13

____= fatty change

Answer 13

steatosis

Question 14

___ ___ (____): accumulation of TGs in cytoplam of parenchymal cells; appear as vacuoles; reversible

Answer 14

fatty change

Question 15

fatty change is most often seen in the ____ and may also occur in 3 other organs

Answer 15

liver
heart
skeletal muscle
kidney

Question 16

fatty change in the liver is most commonly caused by ____

Answer 16

alcohol

Question 17

5 other reasons for fatty change in the liver other than alcohol

Answer 17

obesity
diabetes
hypoxia
hepatotoxic drugs
protein malnutrition

Question 18

pathogenesis of fatty change in the liver can be caused by the ___ synthesis of triglycerides secondary to ___ in fatty acids

Answer 18

increase

increase

Question 19

alcohol can cause excess ___ and ___ synthesis of fatty acids in the liver

Answer 19

lipolysis

decreased

Question 20

obesity can cause ___ fat intake in the liver

Answer 20

increased

Question 21

diabetes and corticosteroids can cause excess ___ in the liver

Answer 21

lipolysis

Question 22

hypoxia and hepatotoxins can cause ___ oxidation of fatty acids in the liver

Answer 22

decreased

Question 23

decreased mobilization of TGs from the liver and decreased apoprotein formation in the liver can be caused by ____

Answer 23

malnutrition

Question 24

fatty change to the naked eye in the liver looks ____, ____ and ____ and feels ___ and ___

Answer 24

enlarged
yellow
greasy
soft
tender

Question 25

fatty change microscopically in the liver has small clear fat ___ or large single one displacing the ____

Answer 25

vacuole | nucleus

Question 26

fatty change microscopically | - ___ of contiguous cells --> fat vacuoles unite to form a fatty ___

Answer 26

rupture | cyst

Question 27

alcohol used __ peripheral lipolysis, ___ FA synthesis and ___ FA oxidation

Answer 27

enhances increase decrease

Question 28

fatty change in the heart is due to prolonged ___ and toxic ___

Answer 28

hypoxia | myocarditis

Question 29

fatty change in the heart has yellow bands alternating with normal red-brown uninvoled bands aka ___ ___ and feels ___ and ___ to the naked eye

Answer 29

tabby cat | soft flabby

Question 30

fatty change in the heart has fine fat vacuoles in rows within ___ ___

Answer 30

muscle fibers

Question 31

fatty change in the kidney looks ____, ___ and ___

Answer 31

enlarged pale soft

Question 32

fatty change in the kidney: fat vacuoles inside epithelial cells of ____ ___

Answer 32

concoluted tubules

Question 33

fatty change in the kidney: in severe cases all structures are involved including the ____

Answer 33

glomeruli

Question 34

in ____- cholesterol accumulated in smooth muscle cells and macrophages

Answer 34

atherosclerosis

Question 35

in ____: cholesterol accumulated in subepithelial CT --> yellow plaques commonly around the eyes

Answer 35

hyperlipidemia

Question 36

___= yellow plaques

Answer 36

xanthomas

Question 37

___ = yellow plaques in the eyes

Answer 37

xanthelasma

Question 38

in ___ of cell injury, lipid debris are phagocytosed --> lipid laden macrophages (foamy)

Answer 38

foci

Question 39

_____ _____: accumulation of immunoglobulins in cytoplasm of malignant plasma cells --> rounded eosinophilic bodies

Answer 39

multiple myeloma

Question 40

___ ___ = rounded eosinophilic bodies

Answer 40

russell bodies

Question 41

___ ____ (Nephrotic syndrome) = eosinophilic droplets of protein are seen in the cells of proximal convoluted tubules due to abnormal filtering of albumin

Answer 41

heavy proteinuria

Question 42

glycogen storage disease: glycogen can not be converted into glucose due to a congenital deficieny of ___ ___ ____

Answer 42

glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 43

___ ___: abnormality of glucose metabolism; glycogen accumulates inside the cells of liver, distal portion of proximal convoluted tubules, beta cells of islet of langerhan, and heart muscle cells

Answer 43

diabetes mellitus

Question 44

pigment accumulation: color substances can be either ___ or ___

Answer 44

exogenous | endogenous

Question 45

exogenous pigment accumulation comes from 2 things

Answer 45

anthracosis | tattoo

Question 46

endogenous pigment accumulation comes from 4 things

Answer 46

lipofuscin melanin hemosiderin bilirubin

Question 47

2 hemoglobin derived endogenous pigments

Answer 47

hemosiderin | bilirubin

Question 48

____: accumulation of carbon particles or coal dust

Answer 48

anthracosis

Question 49

anthracosis: picked by macrophages in the ____ --> transported by the lymph to regional ___ ____

Answer 49

alveoli | lymph nodes

Question 50

2 effects of anthracosis: ___ of tissues and chronic ___ and ___

Answer 50

blackening irritation fibrosis

Question 51

___: injected pigment is picked up by dermal macrophage and remains in skin for life

Answer 51

tattoo

Question 52

___ is the wear and tear pigment

Answer 52

lipofuscin

Question 53

lipofuscin is a fine, yellow brown ____ granule

Answer 53

intracytoplasmic

Question 54

lipofuscin is made of degraded membranes of ____ orgnanelles

Answer 54

cytoplasmic

Question 55

lipofuscin is made of 3 things

Answer 55

lipids phospholipids proteins

Question 56

lipofuscin is seen in severe ___, advanced ___, progressive ___ and ___ of an organ

Answer 56

malnutrition age ischemia atrophy

Question 57

lipofuscin is most common seen in cells of the ___, ___ and ___

Answer 57

liver heart brain

Question 58

lipofuscin: no functional ____

Answer 58

abnormality

Question 59

____: brown/black color skin pigment

Answer 59

melanin

Question 60

melanin: formed by ____ when tyrosinase enzyme converts tyrosine into dihydroxyphenylalanine

Answer 60

melanocytes

Question 61

melanin protects skin from ___ rays

Answer 61

UV

Question 62

melanin may be seen in some skin lesions as ___

Answer 62

melanomas

Question 63

iron is stored as golden-yellow-brownm hemoglobin-derived ____ granules

Answer 63

hemosiderin

Question 64

excess iron can be caused by an accumulation of ____ either locally/systemic

Answer 64

hemosiderin

Question 65

local accumulation of hemosiderin = is a _____ ___

Answer 65

skin bruis

Question 66

skin bruise is the lysis of ___

Answer 66

RBCs

Question 67

systemic accumulation of iron --> hemosiderin ___ in many tissues

Answer 67

deposits

Question 68

causes of systemic accumulation of hemosiderin: - ___ absorption of iron - impaired iron ____ - ____ anemia - repeated blood ____

Answer 68

increase utilization hemolytic transfusions

Question 69

___ is derived from hemoglobin (non-iron)

Answer 69

bilirubin

Question 70

increase serum level --> deposition of bilirubin in CT of skin, sclera and internal organs --> yellow greedn discoloration of ____

Answer 70

jaundice

Question 71

jaundice results in - ___ production of bilirubin - ___ excretion - ___ of bile flow

Answer 71

increase decrease obstruction

Question 72

increased production of bilirubin is due to ___ destruction of RBCs as in ___ anemia

Answer 72

increase | hemolytic

Question 73

decreased excretion of bilirubin is due to ___ diseases (hepatocellular jaundice)

Answer 73

liver

Question 74

obstruction of bile flow can be due to cancer of the ___ of pancreas

Answer 74

head