Development

Question 2

What does positive reinforcement do?

Answer 2

Increases behavior by adding a desired outcome

Question 3

According to Vygotsky, what supports learning within the Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 3

Scaffolding

Question 4

Which level in Bronfenbrenner’s model involves the child’s immediate surroundings?

Answer 4

Microsystem

Question 5

Piaget believed children learn by:

Answer 5

Active construction of knowledge through schemas

Question 6

In which Piagetian stage does symbolic function emerge?

Answer 6

Preoperational

Question 7

What principle describes growth from head to toe?

Answer 7

Cephalocaudal

Question 8

What structure allows nutrients to pass from mother to fetus?

Answer 8

Placenta

Question 9

When does the fetal period begin?

Answer 9

At 9th week

Question 10

Which prenatal brain process includes ‘cell death’ to improve efficiency?

Answer 10

Apoptosis

Question 11

Which teratogen is linked to limb deformities?

Answer 11

Thalidomide

Question 12

What reflex involves fanning toes when the foot is stroked?

Answer 12

Babinski

Question 13

Which theorist is associated with classical conditioning?

Answer 13

Pavlov

Question 14

Which structure of Freud’s personality theory operates on the pleasure principle?

Answer 14

Id

Question 15

What stage involves the development of the superego according to Freud?

Answer 15

Phallic

Question 16

Which theorist emphasized the importance of early maternal bonding and ‘holding’?

Answer 16

Winnicott

Question 17

Which defense mechanism involves placing unwanted feelings onto others?

Answer 17

Projection

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the dynamic model in Freud’s theory?

Answer 18

Drives are in conflict to reduce tension

Question 19

Which prenatal structure becomes the umbilical cord?

Answer 19

Allantois

Question 20

Which prenatal structure produces initial blood cells?

Answer 20

Yolk sac

Question 21

What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex under stress?

Answer 21

Glucocorticoids

Question 22

What reflex is triggered by loud noise or head movement?

Answer 22

Moro reflex

Question 23

Which part of the pituitary gland produces oxytocin?

Answer 23

Neurohypophysis

Question 24

What is the effect of alcohol as a teratogen?

Answer 24

Growth deficiency and intellectual problems

Question 25

Which Piaget stage includes understanding abstract concepts?

Answer 25

Formal operational

Question 26

What is emphasized in the dialectical paradigm of development?

Answer 26

Both qualitative and quantitative change influenced by social interaction

Question 27

What does the range-of-reaction principle suggest?

Answer 27

Genes set a potential range; environment shapes the result

Question 28

What is canalization?

Answer 28

Some traits are biologically buffered against environment

Question 29

Which theory views the child as a passive responder to stimuli?

Answer 29

Mechanistic

Question 30

Which part of Freud’s model is rational and mediates conflict?

Answer 30

Ego

Question 31

According to Erikson, what does each life stage involve?

Answer 31

A psychosocial conflict

Question 32

What does the APGAR scale assess?

Answer 32

Newborn’s vital signs and responsiveness

Question 33

What is primary narcissism?

Answer 33

Lack of awareness of others

Question 34

What does ACTH stimulate in the neuroendocrine pathway?

Answer 34

Adrenal gland cortex

Question 35

What theorist proposed the concept of scaffolding?

Answer 35

Vygotsky

Question 36

Which teratogen is associated with facial abnormalities and lip clefts?

Answer 36

Cigarette smoking

Question 37

What reflex involves rhythmic stepping motions in newborns?

Answer 37

Stepping reflex

Question 38

What part of the brain forms from the anterior zone of the neural tube?

Answer 38

Brain regions

Question 39

What perspective is Erikson’s theory based on?

Answer 39

Psychosocial development

Question 40

Which part of the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids?

Answer 40

Cortex

Question 41

What is the role of the placenta?

Answer 41

Allows exchange of nutrients and waste between mother and fetus