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Learning chatgpt Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

What distinguishes instrumental conditioning from classical conditioning?

A

In instrumental conditioning, the organism’s behavior causes the presence or absence of a stimulus, whereas in classical conditioning, stimuli are presented independently of the organism’s behavior.

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2
Q

What was the Law of Effect proposed by Thorndike?

A

Responses followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened, while those followed by discomfort are weakened.

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3
Q

What is a discrete-trial procedure in instrumental conditioning?

A

A trial-based method where each response opportunity is separated by the experimenter, often measured by latency or running speed.

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4
Q

What defines free-operant procedures?

A

The subject can respond at any time, allowing for continuous and natural behavior measurement.

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5
Q

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

Gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior until the desired behavior is achieved.

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6
Q

What are the four basic instrumental conditioning procedures?

A

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment.

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7
Q

How does the temporal relation affect learning in instrumental conditioning?

A

Immediate reinforcement strengthens learning more than delayed reinforcement due to better credit assignment.

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8
Q

What is the superstition experiment by Skinner?

A

Pigeons developed random behaviors they thought were producing reinforcement, showing the effect of temporal contiguity over contingency.

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9
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

When an organism learns that it cannot control negative outcomes, leading to reduced motivation to change its behavior.

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10
Q

What does response-reinforcer contingency refer to?

A

The extent to which a response is necessary to produce a reinforcer.

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11
Q

What determines the success of positive reinforcement?

A

The quality, quantity, and timing of the reinforcer, as well as the response-reinforcer contingency.

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12
Q

What are behavioral contrast effects?

A

The value of a reinforcer is influenced by past reinforcement history—large rewards seem better after small ones and vice versa.

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13
Q

Why is shaping important in learning new behavior?

A

It builds complex behaviors from simpler ones by reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behavior.

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14
Q

What is the role of contingency in instrumental learning?

A

High contingency strengthens the belief that the behavior causes the outcome.

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15
Q

What was the result of Thorndike’s puzzle box studies?

A

Cats gradually learned effective escape behaviors through trial and error, not insight.

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16
Q

Why can reinforcement be ineffective?

A

If the reinforcer is not naturally linked to the behavior or is delivered too late, learning may not occur.

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17
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

An apparatus used to study operant conditioning where animals can perform specific behaviors to receive reinforcement.

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18
Q

What does the credit assignment problem refer to?

A

When multiple behaviors occur, delayed reinforcement makes it unclear which behavior caused the outcome.

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19
Q

What are operants in free-operant procedures?

A

Responses that operate on the environment to produce consequences, measured by rate.

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20
Q

How can we teach instrumental responses using shaping?

A

By reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the target response and withholding reinforcement for earlier steps.

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21
Q

What is differential responding?

A

When an organism responds differently to two or more stimuli, showing that it can discriminate between them.

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22
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus.

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23
Q

What is a generalization gradient?

A

A graphical representation showing how response strength varies with similarity to the original stimulus.

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24
Q

What is overshadowing?

A

When one stimulus in a compound is more salient and interferes with learning about the other.

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25
How does sensory capacity affect stimulus control?
A stimulus must be within the sensory capabilities of the organism to influence behavior.
26
How does type of reinforcement influence stimulus control?
Visual cues often signal food (appetitive), while auditory cues are more effective for aversive outcomes like shocks.
27
What is stimulus discrimination training?
Teaching an organism to respond to one stimulus (S+) and not another (S−), strengthening discrimination.
28
What does Jenkins & Harrison's study on tones in pigeons show?
Discrimination training enhances stimulus control, as seen in steeper generalization gradients.
29
What is extinction in instrumental conditioning?
The process where a learned behavior decreases when reinforcement is no longer provided.
30
How is extinction used in therapy?
Through exposure therapy, subjects learn that feared stimuli are no longer paired with negative outcomes.
31
What is response variability during extinction?
Organisms initially try various responses when reinforcement is removed before the behavior declines.
32
What emotion is commonly triggered by extinction?
Frustration, which may lead to aggression, especially in cases of unexpected reinforcement loss.
33
What is spontaneous recovery?
The return of an extinguished response after a rest period without further training.
34
What is renewal in extinction?
Recovery of a conditioned response when the context is changed after extinction.
35
What is reinstatement in extinction?
The return of a conditioned response after the unconditioned stimulus is reintroduced.
36
How can extinction be enhanced?
By increasing the number, spacing, and context variability of extinction trials.
37
What is the importance of contextual cues in extinction?
Extinction is context-specific; returning to the original context can trigger recovery of the response.
38
What did the Azrin et al. (1966) study show about extinction?
Frustration from extinction can lead to aggressive behavior in animals.
39
Why doesn't extinction erase learning?
The original association remains; new learning inhibits the response, but it can return under certain conditions.
40
What does retention of reinforcer knowledge mean?
Even after extinction, organisms remember which responses previously produced which reinforcers.
41
What is the core idea of Social Learning Theory?
Behavior is learned from the environment through observation, imitation, and modeling.
42
What is the difference between direct and vicarious experience?
Direct experience involves personal reinforcement, while vicarious involves observing others being reinforced.
43
What was the Bobo Doll experiment by Bandura?
Children who watched an adult model aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it, showing observational learning.
44
How does reinforcement affect modeling in children?
Children are more likely to imitate models who are reinforced rather than punished.
45
What is vicarious reinforcement?
When an observer learns by seeing a model rewarded for a behavior.
46
What does vicarious punishment demonstrate?
Observers are less likely to imitate behavior if the model is punished.
47
What was Hornstein’s study on prosocial behavior?
Participants were more likely to return a lost wallet if they had seen a model who was happy to help.
48
How can media influence aggressive behavior in children?
Observing violence in media (live or cartoon) can lead to increased aggression via social learning.
49
Why is social learning not just cause-effect?
It involves internal processes like beliefs, intentions, and interpretations, making learning more complex.
50
How can prosocial behaviors be learned through vicarious reinforcement?
Observing others being rewarded for helping behavior can increase similar actions in the observer.
51
What role do unobservable constructs play in social learning?
Beliefs, feelings, and motives intervene in how we learn from social environments.
52
What is imitation in the context of social learning?
Reproducing the observed behavior of a model.
53
What was the role of the cat costume in the Bobo Doll replication?
It showed that even cartoon-like models can influence aggressive imitation.
54
How does the context of observation affect imitation?
Children may imitate more if they perceive the model as similar, powerful, or rewarded.
55
Why is social learning theory crucial for understanding aggression?
It shows that aggression is not only biologically driven but can be learned and reinforced by the environment.
56
What is the significance of observational learning in therapy?
Therapists may model coping behaviors for clients to imitate, supporting behavioral change.
57
How can teachers use social learning principles?
By modeling positive behavior and reinforcing it in others to shape classroom norms.
58
Why did Bandura include vicarious reinforcement in his theory?
To explain how people learn behaviors without direct experience.
59
How can punishment of a model reduce learned aggression?
Observers avoid copying behavior that leads to negative consequences for the model.
60
What does the Bobo Doll study imply about media regulation?
Repeated exposure to rewarded aggression in media may normalize violence in children.