personality chatgpt Flashcards
(74 cards)
What core psychological mechanism differentiates the transactional model from the interactional model in stress-illness research?
Transactional, is that disease can change your personaility and reverse. Interactional model is that your personality influences how sick you get.
How does the health behaviour model explain the link between personality and illness?
Personality affects health indirectly by influencing health-promoting or health-degrading behaviours, which mediate the impact of stress on illness.
What assumption underlies the predisposition model in health psychology?
Both personality and illness arise from a shared biological vulnerability, such as high sympathetic nervous system reactivity.
Differentiate between illness and illness behaviour in the illness behaviour model.
Illness: Objective signs of disease (e.g., fever).
Illness behaviour: The subjective actions people take in response to perceived symptoms, shaped by personality.
According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), what are the three stages of the stress response?
Alarm stage (fight or flight),
Resistance stage (resource mobilization),
Exhaustion stage (increased vulnerability to illness).
What distinguishes episodic acute stress from chronic stress?
Episodic acute stress occurs repeatedly with gaps (e.g., frequent deadlines), while chronic stress is continuous, gradually eroding mental and physical health.
What two cognitive processes must occur for stress to be experienced, according to Lazarus’ model?
Primary appraisal: Event is perceived as a threat.
Secondary appraisal: One’s coping resources are evaluated as insufficient.
Why is dispositional optimism linked to better health outcomes?
Optimists perceive stress as less threatening, show lower physiological reactivity, and engage in healthier behaviours, leading to better immunity and healing.
What is the evolutionary argument for emotional inhibition, and what is its physiological cost?
Inhibition is an adaptive childhood strategy for social survival, but in adulthood, it can cause autonomic nervous system overactivation, raising stress and illness risk.
How does emotional disclosure promote health, even when the content isn’t deeply processed?
Disclosure facilitates restructuring and reinterpretation of traumatic events, reducing internal stress and enhancing immune function—even if it’s just writing or casual sharing.
What is the paradox of positive emotion in coping with stress?
Positive emotions not only coexist with stress but also help buffer its effects by restoring mental flexibility, promoting problem-solving, and broadening perspective. positive emotions can appear during hard times
How does the dimensional model of personality disorders differ from the categorical model used in earlier DSM editions?
The dimensional model views disorders as extreme variations of traits found in everyone, suggesting degrees rather than distinct categories, whereas the categorical model treats disorders as qualitatively distinct from normal personality.
Explain the concept of “manie sans délire” by Philippe Pinel in the context of personality disorders.
It refers to ‘madness without loss of reason,’ highlighting personality disorders where individuals retain rationality but exhibit maladaptive behaviors.
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme introversion and high neuroticism, and what behavioral patterns does it produce?
Avoidant Personality Disorder; it leads to social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
What’s a key distinguishing feature of Borderline Personality Disorder that affects self-image?
Instability—not only in emotions and relationships but also in self-concept; individuals often have fluctuating views of themselves.
According to the dimensional view, how can multiple personality disorders co-occur in a single individual?
Because traits exist on a continuum, a person can exhibit extreme traits that align with multiple disorders (trait ‘peaks’), leading to comorbidity.
What common childhood experiences are linked to the development of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Few emotional ties, childhood abuse, and exposure to impulsive adult behavior.
How does Dependent Personality Disorder manifest in conflict situations, and why is it considered maladaptive?
Individuals avoid disagreements to maintain support, which may lead to tolerating harmful or abusive situations due to a fear of abandonment.
What belief typifies a narcissistic self-concept, and how does it affect interpersonal relationships?
A belief in being unique, admirable, and superior, often leading to arrogance and a lack of empathy for others.
What is a key perceptual feature of Schizotypal Personality Disorder that borders on hallucination?
Experiencing unusual perceptions like feeling watched or sensing energy fields, which others do not perceive.
How is Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder different from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
OCPD involves rigid perfectionism and a preoccupation with control and order in personality, while OCD involves specific intrusive thoughts and compulsions.
Describe how Avoidant Personality Disorder paradoxically reinforces the problem it aims to avoid.
Avoidance of social interaction to prevent criticism leads to missed opportunities and worsens social skill deficits and low self-esteem.
What evidence supports a stronger genetic basis in Schizotypal Personality Disorder compared to Borderline?
Research shows a greater weight of genetic factors in Schizotypal PD due to twin studies, while Borderline PD is more influenced by environmental factors.
What are the three mechanisms Bandura and Walters proposed as shaping personality in social learning theory? The main ways our personality is shaped according to them
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling (observational learning).
