development unit1-3 chatgpt Flashcards
(76 cards)
What are the three main domains of human development?
Biosocial (physical and sensorimotor), cognitive (thinking, learning, memory), and psychosocial (emotions, temperament, social skills).
What is the difference between growth and maturation?
Growth refers to quantitative changes (e.g., height, weight), while maturation refers to qualitative changes (e.g., structure, function, and genetic unfolding).
What is cephalocaudal development?
Development proceeds from the head downward.
For example, infants gain head control before leg control.
What is proximodistal development?
Development proceeds from the center outward.
Organs and trunks develop before limbs and fingers.
At what age does the cranium fuse, and why is this important?
Around 2 years; it allows the skull to grow with the brain while protecting it.
What environmental factor examples influence development?
Physical (climate), cultural (religion), and psychosocial (stimulation, education).
What is the twin study design used for?
To compare similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and estimate genetic vs environmental influences.
How is heritability coefficient (H) calculated?
H = (r identical twins – r fraternal twins) × 2
What are concordance rates?
The percentage of pairs showing the same trait in studies of twins, siblings, or adopted children.
What do high concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggest?
A strong genetic component to the trait studied.
What does a high correlation coefficient in twin studies indicate?
That a continuous trait like IQ is likely genetically influenced.
What is primary maternal preoccupation?
A mother’s focused attention on her infant during the early postpartum period to meet their needs.
How do the nervous system and muscle maturation proceed?
In a cephalocaudal direction; head and neck muscles mature before trunk and limb muscles.
What develops faster after birth, subcortical or cortical structures?
Subcortical structures; they regulate basic functions before the cortex develops for higher processes.
Which two brain regions produce new neurons throughout life?
The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb.
What is the mechanistic paradigm in developmental psychology?
Views development as passive responses to stimuli; emphasizes quantitative change.
What is the organicist paradigm?
Views humans as active agents; emphasizes qualitative change and stage restructuring.
What does Freud’s dynamic model emphasize?
That innate drives like Eros and Thanatos motivate most human behavior.
What are the three structures in Freud’s structural model?
Id (instincts), Ego (rational self), Superego (moral conscience).
What is the focus of Freud’s oral stage?
Pleasure centered on the mouth; conflict involves weaning.
What is fixation in Freud’s theory?
Being stuck in a developmental stage due to unresolved conflict.
What is the Oedipal conflict and when does it occur?
Occurs in the phallic stage; involves unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent.
What is the focus of Erikson’s ‘trust vs. mistrust’ stage? What age?
Developing trust in caregivers to meet basic needs. Infancy 0-1.5years old
What does Erikson mean by ‘generativity’?
The concern for guiding the next generation, typically through parenting or mentorship.