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development unit1-3 chatgpt Flashcards

(76 cards)

1
Q

What are the three main domains of human development?

A

Biosocial (physical and sensorimotor), cognitive (thinking, learning, memory), and psychosocial (emotions, temperament, social skills).

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2
Q

What is the difference between growth and maturation?

A

Growth refers to quantitative changes (e.g., height, weight), while maturation refers to qualitative changes (e.g., structure, function, and genetic unfolding).

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3
Q

What is cephalocaudal development?

A

Development proceeds from the head downward.

For example, infants gain head control before leg control.

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4
Q

What is proximodistal development?

A

Development proceeds from the center outward.

Organs and trunks develop before limbs and fingers.

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5
Q

At what age does the cranium fuse, and why is this important?

A

Around 2 years; it allows the skull to grow with the brain while protecting it.

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6
Q

What environmental factor examples influence development?

A

Physical (climate), cultural (religion), and psychosocial (stimulation, education).

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7
Q

What is the twin study design used for?

A

To compare similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and estimate genetic vs environmental influences.

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8
Q

How is heritability coefficient (H) calculated?

A

H = (r identical twins – r fraternal twins) × 2

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9
Q

What are concordance rates?

A

The percentage of pairs showing the same trait in studies of twins, siblings, or adopted children.

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10
Q

What do high concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggest?

A

A strong genetic component to the trait studied.

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11
Q

What does a high correlation coefficient in twin studies indicate?

A

That a continuous trait like IQ is likely genetically influenced.

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12
Q

What is primary maternal preoccupation?

A

A mother’s focused attention on her infant during the early postpartum period to meet their needs.

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13
Q

How do the nervous system and muscle maturation proceed?

A

In a cephalocaudal direction; head and neck muscles mature before trunk and limb muscles.

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14
Q

What develops faster after birth, subcortical or cortical structures?

A

Subcortical structures; they regulate basic functions before the cortex develops for higher processes.

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15
Q

Which two brain regions produce new neurons throughout life?

A

The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb.

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16
Q

What is the mechanistic paradigm in developmental psychology?

A

Views development as passive responses to stimuli; emphasizes quantitative change.

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17
Q

What is the organicist paradigm?

A

Views humans as active agents; emphasizes qualitative change and stage restructuring.

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18
Q

What does Freud’s dynamic model emphasize?

A

That innate drives like Eros and Thanatos motivate most human behavior.

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19
Q

What are the three structures in Freud’s structural model?

A

Id (instincts), Ego (rational self), Superego (moral conscience).

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20
Q

What is the focus of Freud’s oral stage?

A

Pleasure centered on the mouth; conflict involves weaning.

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21
Q

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

A

Being stuck in a developmental stage due to unresolved conflict.

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22
Q

What is the Oedipal conflict and when does it occur?

A

Occurs in the phallic stage; involves unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent.

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23
Q

What is the focus of Erikson’s ‘trust vs. mistrust’ stage? What age?

A

Developing trust in caregivers to meet basic needs. Infancy 0-1.5years old

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24
Q

What does Erikson mean by ‘generativity’?

A

The concern for guiding the next generation, typically through parenting or mentorship.

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25
How does Klein describe the paranoid-schizoid position?
Infants split objects into good and bad parts to manage anxiety.
26
What are transitional objects in Winnicott's theory?
Items like blankets or toys that ease the child’s separation from the caregiver.
27
What role does play therapy serve in Klein's view?
It reveals unconscious fantasies and allows emotional processing.
28
What is the depressive position in Klein’s theory?
Recognition that the caregiver is both good and bad, leading to guilt and more integrated views.
29
What is the main developmental conflict in Erikson’s adolescence stage?
Identity vs. role confusion.
30
How does the behavioural perspective differ from the psychodynamic?
It emphasizes observable behavior and environmental learning, not unconscious drives.
31
What structure forms from the ectoderm and later develops into the brain and spinal cord?
The neural tube forms from the ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system.
32
What is the role of the placenta during prenatal development?
The placenta acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass to the embryo and removing waste.
33
What are the three layers formed by the embryoblast, and what does each become?
Ectoderm (nervous system, skin, hair), mesoderm (muscles, bones, circulatory system), endoderm (digestive and respiratory systems).
34
What marks the end of the germinal period?
Successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
35
How does cephalocaudal development manifest during the embryonic period?
The head forms before the rest of the body, with eyes and brain areas appearing before limbs.
36
When do the fingers and toes begin to separate?
By the 7th week of prenatal development.
37
What hormone triggers labor and where is it produced?
Oxytocin, produced by the mother’s pituitary gland.
38
When does the fetal period begin?
At the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization.
39
What key neural processes occur between 4–6 months of fetal development?
Neurogenesis and synaptogenesis increase brain size and connectivity.
40
What determines whether testes or ovaries form during fetal development?
The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes formation.
41
What is apoptosis and why is it important during fetal brain development?
Apoptosis is programmed cell death; it eliminates unnecessary neurons, refining brain function.
42
What causes the fetus to respond to sound in the third trimester?
Maturation of the auditory system allows detection of external sounds, including the mother’s voice.
43
What is the ‘age of viability’ and when does it occur?
The age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb with medical support, ~22-24 weeks.
44
What principle explains increased risk from teratogens during early organ formation?
The sensitive-period principle.
45
What is the function of the amnion?
It is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and helps maintain temperature.
46
What is the Apgar Scale and when is it administered?
A scoring system evaluating a newborn’s health at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth.
47
What five areas does the Apgar scale assess?
Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and skin color.
48
What score on the Apgar indicates a healthy newborn?
A score of 7 or above at five minutes.
49
What is the function of the NBAS assessment?
It assesses newborn behavior and reflexes to detect neurological or developmental concerns.
50
What is one benefit of parental involvement in the NBAS?
It increases parental sensitivity and responsiveness toward the baby.
51
What are 'cramp-synchronised' movements, and what do they indicate?
Rigid, synchronized movements that may indicate cerebral palsy.
52
What are ‘fidgety’ movements and why are they important?
Small, varied movements that indicate healthy neural function in infants aged 3–5 months.
53
What is the function of crying in newborns?
It reflexively signals distress and elicits caregiving responses.
54
What are the four types of crying in infants?
Basic, anger, pain, and attention/frustration cries.
55
What does the golden hour refer to?
The first 60 minutes after birth, important for bonding and breastfeeding.
56
What is colostrum and why is it important?
A nutrient-rich fluid in early breastfeeding that boosts immunity and development.
57
What does a blue skin tone at birth suggest and how is it evaluated?
It indicates low oxygen levels; evaluated via the Apgar color score.
58
Why is Prechtl’s Assessment used?
To assess for early signs of neurological disorders like cerebral palsy.
59
What is the difference between survival and primitive reflexes?
Survival reflexes aid immediate survival; primitive reflexes are less essential and often disappear.
60
Why is temperature regulation critical in newborns?
Newborns lose heat rapidly and must stabilize body temperature to survive.
61
What is the psychosocial conflict during 0–1½ years?
Trust vs. Mistrust – Can I trust the world?
62
What is the successful outcome of Trust vs. Mistrust?
Basic trust and security.
63
What is the psychosocial conflict during 1½–3 years?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – Can I do things by myself?
64
What is the successful outcome of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
Independence and confidence.
65
What is the psychosocial conflict during 3–5 years?
Initiative vs. Guilt – Is it okay to explore and try things on my own?
66
What is the successful outcome of Initiative vs. Guilt?
Initiative and leadership.
67
What is the psychosocial conflict during 5–12 years?
Industry vs. Inferiority – Can I do things well compared to others?
68
What is the successful outcome of Industry vs. Inferiority?
A sense of competence and achievement.
69
What is the psychosocial conflict during 12–18 years?
Identity vs. Role Confusion – Who am I?
70
What is the successful outcome of Identity vs. Role Confusion?
A strong sense of self and personal identity.
71
What is the psychosocial conflict during 18–40 years?
Intimacy vs. Isolation – Can I form close relationships?
72
What is the successful outcome of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Ability to form deep, meaningful relationships.
73
What is the psychosocial conflict during 40–65 years?
Generativity vs. Stagnation – Can I contribute to the world?
74
What is the successful outcome of Generativity vs. Stagnation?
Productivity, care, and legacy.
75
What is the psychosocial conflict during 65+ years?
Ego Integrity vs. Despair – Was my life meaningful?
76
What is the successful outcome of Ego Integrity vs. Despair?
Wisdom, acceptance, and life satisfaction.