development unit1-3 chatgpt

Question 1

What are the three main domains of human development?

Answer 1

Biosocial (physical and sensorimotor), cognitive (thinking, learning, memory), and psychosocial (emotions, temperament, social skills).

Question 2

What is the difference between growth and maturation?

Answer 2

Growth refers to quantitative changes (e.g., height, weight), while maturation refers to qualitative changes (e.g., structure, function, and genetic unfolding).

Question 3

What is cephalocaudal development?

Answer 3

Development proceeds from the head downward.

For example, infants gain head control before leg control.

Question 4

What is proximodistal development?

Answer 4

Development proceeds from the center outward.

Organs and trunks develop before limbs and fingers.

Question 5

At what age does the cranium fuse, and why is this important?

Answer 5

Around 2 years; it allows the skull to grow with the brain while protecting it.

Question 6

What environmental factor examples influence development?

Answer 6

Physical (climate), cultural (religion), and psychosocial (stimulation, education).

Question 7

What is the twin study design used for?

Answer 7

To compare similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and estimate genetic vs environmental influences.

Question 8

How is heritability coefficient (H) calculated?

Answer 8

H = (r identical twins – r fraternal twins) × 2

Question 9

What are concordance rates?

Answer 9

The percentage of pairs showing the same trait in studies of twins, siblings, or adopted children.

Question 10

What do high concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggest?

Answer 10

A strong genetic component to the trait studied.

Question 11

What does a high correlation coefficient in twin studies indicate?

Answer 11

That a continuous trait like IQ is likely genetically influenced.

Question 12

What is primary maternal preoccupation?

Answer 12

A mother’s focused attention on her infant during the early postpartum period to meet their needs.

Question 13

How do the nervous system and muscle maturation proceed?

Answer 13

In a cephalocaudal direction; head and neck muscles mature before trunk and limb muscles.

Question 14

What develops faster after birth, subcortical or cortical structures?

Answer 14

Subcortical structures; they regulate basic functions before the cortex develops for higher processes.

Question 15

Which two brain regions produce new neurons throughout life?

Answer 15

The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb.

Question 16

What is the mechanistic paradigm in developmental psychology?

Answer 16

Views development as passive responses to stimuli; emphasizes quantitative change.

Question 17

What is the organicist paradigm?

Answer 17

Views humans as active agents; emphasizes qualitative change and stage restructuring.

Question 18

What does Freud’s dynamic model emphasize?

Answer 18

That innate drives like Eros and Thanatos motivate most human behavior.

Question 19

What are the three structures in Freud’s structural model?

Answer 19

Id (instincts), Ego (rational self), Superego (moral conscience).

Question 20

What is the focus of Freud’s oral stage?

Answer 20

Pleasure centered on the mouth; conflict involves weaning.

Question 21

What is fixation in Freud’s theory?

Answer 21

Being stuck in a developmental stage due to unresolved conflict.

Question 22

What is the Oedipal conflict and when does it occur?

Answer 22

Occurs in the phallic stage; involves unconscious desire for opposite-sex parent.

Question 23

What is the focus of Erikson’s ‘trust vs. mistrust’ stage? What age?

Answer 23

Developing trust in caregivers to meet basic needs. Infancy 0-1.5years old

Question 24

What does Erikson mean by ‘generativity’?

Answer 24

The concern for guiding the next generation, typically through parenting or mentorship.

Question 25

How does Klein describe the paranoid-schizoid position?

Answer 25

Infants split objects into good and bad parts to manage anxiety.

Question 26

What are transitional objects in Winnicott's theory?

Answer 26

Items like blankets or toys that ease the child’s separation from the caregiver.

Question 27

What role does play therapy serve in Klein's view?

Answer 27

It reveals unconscious fantasies and allows emotional processing.

Question 28

What is the depressive position in Klein’s theory?

Answer 28

Recognition that the caregiver is both good and bad, leading to guilt and more integrated views.

Question 29

What is the main developmental conflict in Erikson’s adolescence stage?

Answer 29

Identity vs. role confusion.

Question 30

How does the behavioural perspective differ from the psychodynamic?

Answer 30

It emphasizes observable behavior and environmental learning, not unconscious drives.

Question 31

What structure forms from the ectoderm and later develops into the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 31

The neural tube forms from the ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system.

Question 32

What is the role of the placenta during prenatal development?

Answer 32

The placenta acts as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing oxygen and nutrients to pass to the embryo and removing waste.

Question 33

What are the three layers formed by the embryoblast, and what does each become?

Answer 33

Ectoderm (nervous system, skin, hair), mesoderm (muscles, bones, circulatory system), endoderm (digestive and respiratory systems).

Question 34

What marks the end of the germinal period?

Answer 34

Successful implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.

Question 35

How does cephalocaudal development manifest during the embryonic period?

Answer 35

The head forms before the rest of the body, with eyes and brain areas appearing before limbs.

Question 36

When do the fingers and toes begin to separate?

Answer 36

By the 7th week of prenatal development.

Question 37

What hormone triggers labor and where is it produced?

Answer 37

Oxytocin, produced by the mother’s pituitary gland.

Question 38

When does the fetal period begin?

Answer 38

At the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization.

Question 39

What key neural processes occur between 4–6 months of fetal development?

Answer 39

Neurogenesis and synaptogenesis increase brain size and connectivity.

Question 40

What determines whether testes or ovaries form during fetal development?

Answer 40

The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes formation.

Question 41

What is apoptosis and why is it important during fetal brain development?

Answer 41

Apoptosis is programmed cell death; it eliminates unnecessary neurons, refining brain function.

Question 42

What causes the fetus to respond to sound in the third trimester?

Answer 42

Maturation of the auditory system allows detection of external sounds, including the mother’s voice.

Question 43

What is the ‘age of viability’ and when does it occur?

Answer 43

The age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb with medical support, ~22-24 weeks.

Question 44

What principle explains increased risk from teratogens during early organ formation?

Answer 44

The sensitive-period principle.

Question 45

What is the function of the amnion?

Answer 45

It is a fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and helps maintain temperature.

Question 46

What is the Apgar Scale and when is it administered?

Answer 46

A scoring system evaluating a newborn’s health at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth.

Question 47

What five areas does the Apgar scale assess?

Answer 47

Heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and skin color.

Question 48

What score on the Apgar indicates a healthy newborn?

Answer 48

A score of 7 or above at five minutes.

Question 49

What is the function of the NBAS assessment?

Answer 49

It assesses newborn behavior and reflexes to detect neurological or developmental concerns.

Question 50

What is one benefit of parental involvement in the NBAS?

Answer 50

It increases parental sensitivity and responsiveness toward the baby.

Question 51

What are 'cramp-synchronised' movements, and what do they indicate?

Answer 51

Rigid, synchronized movements that may indicate cerebral palsy.

Question 52

What are ‘fidgety’ movements and why are they important?

Answer 52

Small, varied movements that indicate healthy neural function in infants aged 3–5 months.

Question 53

What is the function of crying in newborns?

Answer 53

It reflexively signals distress and elicits caregiving responses.

Question 54

What are the four types of crying in infants?

Answer 54

Basic, anger, pain, and attention/frustration cries.

Question 55

What does the golden hour refer to?

Answer 55

The first 60 minutes after birth, important for bonding and breastfeeding.

Question 56

What is colostrum and why is it important?

Answer 56

A nutrient-rich fluid in early breastfeeding that boosts immunity and development.

Question 57

What does a blue skin tone at birth suggest and how is it evaluated?

Answer 57

It indicates low oxygen levels; evaluated via the Apgar color score.

Question 58

Why is Prechtl’s Assessment used?

Answer 58

To assess for early signs of neurological disorders like cerebral palsy.

Question 59

What is the difference between survival and primitive reflexes?

Answer 59

Survival reflexes aid immediate survival; primitive reflexes are less essential and often disappear.

Question 60

Why is temperature regulation critical in newborns?

Answer 60

Newborns lose heat rapidly and must stabilize body temperature to survive.

Question 61

What is the psychosocial conflict during 0–1½ years?

Answer 61

Trust vs. Mistrust – Can I trust the world?

Question 62

What is the successful outcome of Trust vs. Mistrust?

Answer 62

Basic trust and security.

Question 63

What is the psychosocial conflict during 1½–3 years?

Answer 63

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – Can I do things by myself?

Question 64

What is the successful outcome of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

Answer 64

Independence and confidence.

Question 65

What is the psychosocial conflict during 3–5 years?

Answer 65

Initiative vs. Guilt – Is it okay to explore and try things on my own?

Question 66

What is the successful outcome of Initiative vs. Guilt?

Answer 66

Initiative and leadership.

Question 67

What is the psychosocial conflict during 5–12 years?

Answer 67

Industry vs. Inferiority – Can I do things well compared to others?

Question 68

What is the successful outcome of Industry vs. Inferiority?

Answer 68

A sense of competence and achievement.

Question 69

What is the psychosocial conflict during 12–18 years?

Answer 69

Identity vs. Role Confusion – Who am I?

Question 70

What is the successful outcome of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

Answer 70

A strong sense of self and personal identity.

Question 71

What is the psychosocial conflict during 18–40 years?

Answer 71

Intimacy vs. Isolation – Can I form close relationships?

Question 72

What is the successful outcome of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

Answer 72

Ability to form deep, meaningful relationships.

Question 73

What is the psychosocial conflict during 40–65 years?

Answer 73

Generativity vs. Stagnation – Can I contribute to the world?

Question 74

What is the successful outcome of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

Answer 74

Productivity, care, and legacy.

Question 75

What is the psychosocial conflict during 65+ years?

Answer 75

Ego Integrity vs. Despair – Was my life meaningful?

Question 76

What is the successful outcome of Ego Integrity vs. Despair?

Answer 76

Wisdom, acceptance, and life satisfaction.