devlopment unit 6 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Reticular Formation?
Responsible for retaining information, located in hindbrain, not fully myelianted and not fully devoloped
Miller and Weiss, tested attention span, how did the kids perform
10 year olds were slightly better than 7 year olds, 13 year olds large improvement
Children use these to gain better memory
rehearsal, organization
What is the Reticular Formation?
A structure in the hindbrain responsible for sustaining attention; not fully myelinated or developed until puberty.
What did Miller and Weiss find about attention span in children?
Attention span improves with age: 10-year-olds were slightly better than 7-year-olds, while 13-year-olds showed a large improvement.
What is Metacognition?
Knowledge someone has about their own cognitive processes.
What is Meta-attention in 4-year-olds?
Understanding that it’s harder to pay attention to two people talking at the same time than just one.
What is Meta-memory in 4-year-olds?
Awareness that some things are easier to remember than others and that remembering many items is more difficult.
How do 3-5-year-olds view memory?
They see it as a “mental copy” that is lost over time.
What is the Looking Glass Self?
The idea that our self-concept is shaped by how we think others perceive us.
What are Weiner’s four attributional styles?
Stable: ability, task difficulty; Unstable: effort, luck; Internal: ability, effort; External: task difficulty, luck.
Which family style produces the best outcome in children?
Democratic parenting: high affection and high control.
As children gain more knowledge of memory, what strategy do they use?
Mnemonics – memory aids like rehearsal and organization.
As children age, what kind of characteristics do they use more to describe themselves?
They shift from external to internal characteristics.
What else determines children’s self-concept besides characteristics?
Their beliefs about the causes of their successes and failures.
In peer groups, children may be:
Accepted, rejected, or neglected.
What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s model?
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional.
What defines the Preconventional level (ages 4–10)?
Egocentric morality based on avoiding punishment and self-interest.
What defines the Conventional level (ages 8–13)?
Morality based on social rules, gaining approval, and maintaining law and order.
What defines the Postconventional level (adulthood)?
Morality based on social contracts and universal ethical principles, independent of authority.
What is Heteronomous Morality?
Obeying rules to avoid punishment; rules are seen as fixed and absolute.
What is Instrumental Hedonism?
Morality based on self-interest and reciprocal benefit: ‘You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.’
What is Interpersonal Concordance?
Morality based on being a good person and maintaining relationships; more empathetic.
What defines Stage 4 in Kohlberg’s model?
Law-and-Order Orientation – doing one’s duty and respecting laws to maintain social order.
