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development unit4-6 chatgpt Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

What is the visual acuity of a newborn and when does it reach 20/20?

A

At birth, visual acuity is 20/600; it reaches 20/20 by 9 months.

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2
Q

What does the externality effect describe in infant vision?

A

Infants initially focus on the outer contours of objects and faces more than the internal features.

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3
Q

What are the two key achievements of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A

Intentionality and object permanence.

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4
Q

At what age do infants typically begin to crawl and stand without help?

A

They begin crawling around 5–11 months and can stand alone around 10–17 months.

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5
Q

What is the role of myelination in motor development?

A

Myelination increases the efficiency of neural impulses, improving voluntary movement.

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6
Q

Describe the ulnar vs. pincer grip in fine motor development.

A

Ulnar grip uses the palm and fingers, while the pincer grip uses the thumb and forefinger.

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7
Q

When does binocular vision develop, and why is it important?

A

Between 2-4 months; it is crucial for depth perception.

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8
Q

What is the preference technique in infant perception studies?

A

Presenting two stimuli and measuring which one the infant looks at longer.

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9
Q

What direction does motor development follow?

A

Cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities).

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10
Q

How do reflexes contribute to voluntary movement development?

A

They are innate movements that mature with environmental stimulation and practice.

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11
Q

What does Piaget mean by ‘schemas’ in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Organized patterns of thought or behavior used to interpret experience.

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12
Q

At what age can infants visually discriminate their mother’s face?

A

Around 3 months old.

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13
Q

What does Bowlby’s ‘sensitive period’ refer to?

A

A timeframe (6 months to 3 years) most conducive to forming strong attachments.

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14
Q

What experiment demonstrated infants prefer comfort over food?

A

Harlow and Zimmerman’s study with cloth vs. wire monkey mothers.

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15
Q

What are internal working models in attachment theory?

A

Mental representations of the self and caregiver guiding future attachment behavior.

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16
Q

What is the Strange Situation and what does it assess?

A

Ainsworth’s study to classify attachment styles based on separations and reunions.

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17
Q

Define Type B attachment.

A

Secure: distress at separation, comforted at reunion, uses parent as secure base.

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18
Q

Define Type A attachment.

A

Insecure-avoidant: ignores/avoids parent, little distress during separation.

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19
Q

Define Type C attachment.

A

Insecure-resistant: clingy, extreme distress, difficult to soothe.

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20
Q

What is Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis?

A

Prolonged separation from the mother figure leads to cognitive and emotional issues.

21
Q

What is the goal of the attachment system?

A

To maintain proximity to a caregiver during distress for safety and comfort.

22
Q

What role does the caregiver play during exploration?

A

A safe base from which the infant explores and returns to for comfort.

23
Q

What is separation protest and when does it develop?

A

Distress when the caregiver leaves; begins around 6–9 months.

24
Q

What was the main finding from Goldfarb’s study?

A

Children institutionalized early showed worse outcomes than those in continual foster care.

25
Why is the corpus callosum important in motor development?
It enables communication between hemispheres, coordinating body movement.
26
What does lateralisation of function refer to?
Specialization of each brain hemisphere for specific tasks, like speech or emotion.
27
At what age is handedness typically established?
By age 2-3, with preference strengthening over time.
28
How does animism manifest in the preoperational stage?
Children attribute life-like qualities to inanimate objects.
29
What did DeVries' Maynard the cat study reveal?
Young children confuse appearance with reality, failing to grasp that identity remains.
30
What cognitive abilities do preoperational children lack for conservation?
Decentration and reversibility.
31
What is symbolic function according to Piaget?
The ability to use symbols (e.g., words, images) to represent objects or experiences.
32
What is delayed imitation and what does it signify?
Reproducing an observed action after delay, showing mental representation.
33
What characterizes rough-and-tumble play?
Playful aggression without intent to harm; supports physical and social skills.
34
How does peer play differ from play with adults?
Requires reciprocity and compromise due to equal power dynamics.
35
What did Piaget's Three Mountains task demonstrate?
Preoperational egocentrism—children struggle to take another’s visual perspective.
36
What is the difference between signifiers like signals, symbols, and signs?
Signals are direct, symbols have some association, signs are arbitrary.
37
What brain structure is involved in sustained attention and when does it mature?
The reticular formation; it matures around puberty.
38
How do mnemonic strategies like rehearsal and organization improve memory?
They increase encoding efficiency and recall ability.
39
What is meta-cognition and when does it begin to develop?
Awareness of one's own thought processes; emerges by age 4.
40
What is the pragmatic system in language?
Use of language appropriate to social context (e.g., humor, resolving misunderstandings).
41
What does the term 'transitivity' mean in cognitive development?
Understanding logical relationships between items in a sequence.
42
What does the concept of reversibility allow children to understand?
That operations like addition can be mentally reversed (e.g., subtraction).
43
Describe a key finding from Miller & Weiss (1981) on attention.
Older children better ignore irrelevant information compared to younger ones.
44
What did the flower classification task reveal?
Children understand hierarchical categories around age 7.
45
How does self-concept evolve between ages 5 to 10?
From physical descriptors to internal traits like beliefs and attitudes.
46
What is the significance of the rouge test?
It demonstrates self-awareness in infants aged 15–18 months.
47
How do peer groups influence self-concept?
They contribute to social identity and shape attitudes and behaviors.
48
Why is the term 'social identity' important in middle childhood?
It reflects group-based self-perception, affecting thoughts and behavior.