development unit4-6 chatgpt

Question 1

What is the visual acuity of a newborn and when does it reach 20/20?

Answer 1

At birth, visual acuity is 20/600; it reaches 20/20 by 9 months.

Question 2

What does the externality effect describe in infant vision?

Answer 2

Infants initially focus on the outer contours of objects and faces more than the internal features.

Question 3

What are the two key achievements of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 3

Intentionality and object permanence.

Question 4

At what age do infants typically begin to crawl and stand without help?

Answer 4

They begin crawling around 5–11 months and can stand alone around 10–17 months.

Question 5

What is the role of myelination in motor development?

Answer 5

Myelination increases the efficiency of neural impulses, improving voluntary movement.

Question 6

Describe the ulnar vs. pincer grip in fine motor development.

Answer 6

Ulnar grip uses the palm and fingers, while the pincer grip uses the thumb and forefinger.

Question 7

When does binocular vision develop, and why is it important?

Answer 7

Between 2-4 months; it is crucial for depth perception.

Question 8

What is the preference technique in infant perception studies?

Answer 8

Presenting two stimuli and measuring which one the infant looks at longer.

Question 9

What direction does motor development follow?

Answer 9

Cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities).

Question 10

How do reflexes contribute to voluntary movement development?

Answer 10

They are innate movements that mature with environmental stimulation and practice.

Question 11

What does Piaget mean by ‘schemas’ in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 11

Organized patterns of thought or behavior used to interpret experience.

Question 12

At what age can infants visually discriminate their mother’s face?

Answer 12

Around 3 months old.

Question 13

What does Bowlby’s ‘sensitive period’ refer to?

Answer 13

A timeframe (6 months to 3 years) most conducive to forming strong attachments.

Question 14

What experiment demonstrated infants prefer comfort over food?

Answer 14

Harlow and Zimmerman’s study with cloth vs. wire monkey mothers.

Question 15

What are internal working models in attachment theory?

Answer 15

Mental representations of the self and caregiver guiding future attachment behavior.

Question 16

What is the Strange Situation and what does it assess?

Answer 16

Ainsworth’s study to classify attachment styles based on separations and reunions.

Question 17

Define Type B attachment.

Answer 17

Secure: distress at separation, comforted at reunion, uses parent as secure base.

Question 18

Define Type A attachment.

Answer 18

Insecure-avoidant: ignores/avoids parent, little distress during separation.

Question 19

Define Type C attachment.

Answer 19

Insecure-resistant: clingy, extreme distress, difficult to soothe.

Question 20

What is Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis?

Answer 20

Prolonged separation from the mother figure leads to cognitive and emotional issues.

Question 21

What is the goal of the attachment system?

Answer 21

To maintain proximity to a caregiver during distress for safety and comfort.

Question 22

What role does the caregiver play during exploration?

Answer 22

A safe base from which the infant explores and returns to for comfort.

Question 23

What is separation protest and when does it develop?

Answer 23

Distress when the caregiver leaves; begins around 6–9 months.

Question 24

What was the main finding from Goldfarb’s study?

Answer 24

Children institutionalized early showed worse outcomes than those in continual foster care.

Question 25

Why is the corpus callosum important in motor development?

Answer 25

It enables communication between hemispheres, coordinating body movement.

Question 26

What does lateralisation of function refer to?

Answer 26

Specialization of each brain hemisphere for specific tasks, like speech or emotion.

Question 27

At what age is handedness typically established?

Answer 27

By age 2-3, with preference strengthening over time.

Question 28

How does animism manifest in the preoperational stage?

Answer 28

Children attribute life-like qualities to inanimate objects.

Question 29

What did DeVries' Maynard the cat study reveal?

Answer 29

Young children confuse appearance with reality, failing to grasp that identity remains.

Question 30

What cognitive abilities do preoperational children lack for conservation?

Answer 30

Decentration and reversibility.

Question 31

What is symbolic function according to Piaget?

Answer 31

The ability to use symbols (e.g., words, images) to represent objects or experiences.

Question 32

What is delayed imitation and what does it signify?

Answer 32

Reproducing an observed action after delay, showing mental representation.

Question 33

What characterizes rough-and-tumble play?

Answer 33

Playful aggression without intent to harm; supports physical and social skills.

Question 34

How does peer play differ from play with adults?

Answer 34

Requires reciprocity and compromise due to equal power dynamics.

Question 35

What did Piaget's Three Mountains task demonstrate?

Answer 35

Preoperational egocentrism—children struggle to take another’s visual perspective.

Question 36

What is the difference between signifiers like signals, symbols, and signs?

Answer 36

Signals are direct, symbols have some association, signs are arbitrary.

Question 37

What brain structure is involved in sustained attention and when does it mature?

Answer 37

The reticular formation; it matures around puberty.

Question 38

How do mnemonic strategies like rehearsal and organization improve memory?

Answer 38

They increase encoding efficiency and recall ability.

Question 39

What is meta-cognition and when does it begin to develop?

Answer 39

Awareness of one's own thought processes; emerges by age 4.

Question 40

What is the pragmatic system in language?

Answer 40

Use of language appropriate to social context (e.g., humor, resolving misunderstandings).

Question 41

What does the term 'transitivity' mean in cognitive development?

Answer 41

Understanding logical relationships between items in a sequence.

Question 42

What does the concept of reversibility allow children to understand?

Answer 42

That operations like addition can be mentally reversed (e.g., subtraction).

Question 43

Describe a key finding from Miller & Weiss (1981) on attention.

Answer 43

Older children better ignore irrelevant information compared to younger ones.

Question 44

What did the flower classification task reveal?

Answer 44

Children understand hierarchical categories around age 7.

Question 45

How does self-concept evolve between ages 5 to 10?

Answer 45

From physical descriptors to internal traits like beliefs and attitudes.

Question 46

What is the significance of the rouge test?

Answer 46

It demonstrates self-awareness in infants aged 15–18 months.

Question 47

How do peer groups influence self-concept?

Answer 47

They contribute to social identity and shape attitudes and behaviors.

Question 48

Why is the term 'social identity' important in middle childhood?

Answer 48

It reflects group-based self-perception, affecting thoughts and behavior.