development unit4-6 chatgpt Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is the visual acuity of a newborn and when does it reach 20/20?
At birth, visual acuity is 20/600; it reaches 20/20 by 9 months.
What does the externality effect describe in infant vision?
Infants initially focus on the outer contours of objects and faces more than the internal features.
What are the two key achievements of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
Intentionality and object permanence.
At what age do infants typically begin to crawl and stand without help?
They begin crawling around 5–11 months and can stand alone around 10–17 months.
What is the role of myelination in motor development?
Myelination increases the efficiency of neural impulses, improving voluntary movement.
Describe the ulnar vs. pincer grip in fine motor development.
Ulnar grip uses the palm and fingers, while the pincer grip uses the thumb and forefinger.
When does binocular vision develop, and why is it important?
Between 2-4 months; it is crucial for depth perception.
What is the preference technique in infant perception studies?
Presenting two stimuli and measuring which one the infant looks at longer.
What direction does motor development follow?
Cephalocaudal (head to toe) and proximodistal (center to extremities).
How do reflexes contribute to voluntary movement development?
They are innate movements that mature with environmental stimulation and practice.
What does Piaget mean by ‘schemas’ in the sensorimotor stage?
Organized patterns of thought or behavior used to interpret experience.
At what age can infants visually discriminate their mother’s face?
Around 3 months old.
What does Bowlby’s ‘sensitive period’ refer to?
A timeframe (6 months to 3 years) most conducive to forming strong attachments.
What experiment demonstrated infants prefer comfort over food?
Harlow and Zimmerman’s study with cloth vs. wire monkey mothers.
What are internal working models in attachment theory?
Mental representations of the self and caregiver guiding future attachment behavior.
What is the Strange Situation and what does it assess?
Ainsworth’s study to classify attachment styles based on separations and reunions.
Define Type B attachment.
Secure: distress at separation, comforted at reunion, uses parent as secure base.
Define Type A attachment.
Insecure-avoidant: ignores/avoids parent, little distress during separation.
Define Type C attachment.
Insecure-resistant: clingy, extreme distress, difficult to soothe.
What is Bowlby’s maternal deprivation hypothesis?
Prolonged separation from the mother figure leads to cognitive and emotional issues.
What is the goal of the attachment system?
To maintain proximity to a caregiver during distress for safety and comfort.
What role does the caregiver play during exploration?
A safe base from which the infant explores and returns to for comfort.
What is separation protest and when does it develop?
Distress when the caregiver leaves; begins around 6–9 months.
What was the main finding from Goldfarb’s study?
Children institutionalized early showed worse outcomes than those in continual foster care.