Development of UE Motor Control - Reaching, Grasping, and Manipulation

Question 1

Gross motor skills tend to involve what type of muscle groups?

Answer 1

Large muscle groups (movement w/in environment)

Question 2

Fine motor skills tend to involve what type of muscle groups?

Answer 2

Small muscle groups (interaction w/in environment - cognitive link)

Question 3

Reaching is an example of gross or fine motor skills?

Answer 3

Gross motor

Question 4

Grasping is an example of gross or fine motor skills?

Answer 4

Fine motor

Question 5

True/False: Gross motor skills are associated w/ greater precision

Answer 5

False (fine motor)

Question 6

True/False: Development of UE fine motor function is dependent on whether postural control requirements have been met

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Development of UE function includes the following?

Answer 7

-Reaching
-Grasping
-Releasing

Question 8

Fine motor development is critical for what?

Answer 8

-Environmental exploration
-Learning
-Self feeding

Question 9

How is fine motor similar to gross motor development?

Answer 9

-Occurs in generally predictable sequence
-Refinement and complexity increases over course of development

Question 10

What are the two phases of reaching?

Answer 10

-Transportation phase
-Grasp phase

Question 11

Define the transportation phase (reaching)

Answer 11

-Bringing hand to target (controlled by proximal shoulder musculature)

Question 12

Define the grasp phase (reaching)

Answer 12

-Involves distal joints and muscles for gripping/releasing of objects (allows for manipulation)

Question 13

During the grasp phase of reaching, how is complexity controlled?

Answer 13

Limiting the DOF at the elbow

Question 14

At how many weeks of age does successful goal-directed reaching start?

Answer 14

Around 16 wks. of age

Question 15

Relative to the transportation phase, what are the three major functions of a reach?

Answer 15

-Point
-Gesture
-Postural control stability

Question 16

True/False: The transportation phase of reaching provides the foundation for fine motor development and exploration of the environment

Answer 16

True

Question 17

How does reaching improve in infants?

Answer 17

When infants gain the ability to maintain upright posture independently

Question 18

How is reach triggered and guided?

Answer 18

Visually (relative to the location of the target and overall reach pathway)

Question 19

Grasp is also referred to as what?

Answer 19

Prehension (grasping object w/ one or both hands)

Question 20

What are some examples of power grips?

Answer 20

-Hook
-Cylindrical
-Spherical

Question 21

Power grips rely on what for support and stability?

Answer 21

Palm

Question 22

What are some examples of precision grips?

Answer 22

-Lateral prehension
-Palmar prehension
-Superior pincer grasp

Question 23

Lateral prehension is equivalent to what?

Answer 23

Holding a key

Question 24

Palmar prehension is equivalent to what?

Answer 24

Holding a pencil

Question 25

A superior pincer grasp is equivalent to what?

Answer 25

Eating cheerios

Question 26

Precision grips rely on what for support and stability?

Answer 26

The pads of the fingers and thumb

Question 27

How many grasping patterns do infants use in the first 5 mo. of life?

Answer 27

4 major grasping patterns

Question 28

What are the four grasping patterns used by infants?

Answer 28

-Fisted -Pre precision -Precision Self directed

Question 29

A fisted grasp is supported by what?

Answer 29

A palmar grasp (reflexive; power oriented)

Question 30

A pre-precision grasp is characterized by what?

Answer 30

Thumb moving to side of index or middle finger (working in opposition w/ rest of hand)

Question 31

Grasping patterns - 1 mo.

Answer 31

Limited contact

Question 32

Grasping patterns - 2 mo.

Answer 32

Grasps w/ entire hand

Question 33

Grasping patterns - 3 mo.

Answer 33

Adjusts hand position (thumb)

Question 34

Grasping patterns - 4 mo.

Answer 34

Grasp w/ thumb on top (lateral prehension)

Question 35

Grasping patterns - 5 mo.

Answer 35

Grasp w/ fingers only

Question 36

Define manipulation

Answer 36

The use of the hands (considering sensorimotor capabilities and cognition - make sense/process environment through movement)

Question 37

True/False: Manipulation of objects moves beyond motor action

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Simple coordination of hand movements relates to tasks requiring what?

Answer 38

Simple synergies (all fingers make the same motion)

Question 39

What are some examples of simple coordination tasks?

Answer 39

-Squeezing a ball -Pinching -Dynamic tripod grasp

Question 40

Reciprocal synergies of hand movements require what?

Answer 40

Dissociation of the hand (producing relatively dissimilar movements)

Question 41

What are some examples of reciprocal synergy tasks?

Answer 41

-Rolling pencil between thumb and forefinger -Typing -Flexing fingers while extending thumb

Question 42

In hand manipulation of an object includes what three components?

Answer 42

-Translation (shift toward fingers) -Rotation (orient in correct position) -Shift (DOWN!)

Question 43

During the neonatal period, reach occurs through what type of movements?

Answer 43

Occurs through spontaneous movements/reflexes (some voluntary; mainly respond to stimuli)

Question 44

During the neonatal period, is there visual attention directed towards the hand?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

True/False: Visual orientation to an object occurs during the neonatal period

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What are some examples of reaching during the neonatal period (reflexive)?

Answer 46

-Grasp reflex -No voluntary release -May see thumb inside of hand (tucked in)

Question 47

Characteristics of grasping - 1 to 3 mo.

Answer 47

-Still relatively reflexive -Can retain objects in hand for brief periods of time (via palmar grasp)

Question 48

Beginning to grasp towards the midline occurs closer to what age?

Answer 48

3 mo. (offers more stability)

Question 49

True/False: Grasping at 1-3 mo. is intentional

Answer 49

False (more passive; someone gave it to me)

Question 50

Characteristics of reaching in prone - 1 to 3 mo.

Answer 50

Working on getting head up (WB through hands/closed fist; weight shifting)

Question 51

Reaching in prone from 1-3 mo. allows for development of what?

Answer 51

Scapular development

Question 52

Scapular development fosters the ability for an infant to do what (1-3 mo.)?

Answer 52

-Static holds -Beginning ability to weight shift

Question 53

Characteristics of reaching in supine - 1 to 3 mo.

Answer 53

Poor control (shoulder girdle is fixed to support surface)

Question 54

True/False: Reaching while in supine at 1-3 mo. is not efficient

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Characteristics of grasping - 4 to 6 mo.

Answer 55

-Approaches object in wrist flexion, ulnar deviation, hand open, and the thumb not active (ability to dissociate fingers using raking strategy) -Maintains objects using palmar grasp -Cannot grade force applied

Question 56

True/False: Infants around 4-6 mo. tend to overshoot when attempting to grasp an object

Answer 56

True (opens hand wide)

Question 57

At around 5 mo., how do infants grasp objects?

Answer 57

Using both hands (also symmetrical patterns - transfers between hands)

Question 58

Is the voluntary release smooth when grasping objects at 4-6 mo.?

Answer 58

No (banging; throwing)

Question 59

Characteristics of reaching in supine - 4 to 6 mo.

Answer 59

-Reach path starts to become more accurate (4 mo.) -Less path deviation at 6 mo. (more efficient)

Question 60

Characteristics of reaching in prone - 4 to 6 mo.

Answer 60

-WBing on forearms and ulnar side of fists (allows radial side to be free - radial palmar grasp)

Question 61

By allowing the radial side of the wrist to be free for a radial palmar grasp, what develops?

Answer 61

Supination (further exploration of object via more forearm rotation)

Question 62

True/False: In the newborn, reach and grasp are both visually triggered and visually guided

Answer 62

False (just visually triggered)