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Lifespan > Development of Upright Mobility > Flashcards

Development of Upright Mobility Flashcards

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1
Q

Define locomotion

A

The act of moving (the capability to move from place to place)

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2
Q

What developmental domain is important when it comes to progressing all other areas of development?

A

Cognitive

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3
Q

True/False: Humans use a wide variety of locomotor patterns during daily living

A

True (choices depend on the interaction of different constraints)

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4
Q

What are some examples of locomotor constraints?

A

-Structural/Physical (length of limb; joint changes)
-Social (gender norms)
-Functional (prev. experiences; fear of falling)
-Environmental (weather related)

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5
Q

What are the three requirements for successful locomotion?

A

-Progression (muscle ability; support BW in standing position w/ rhythmic stepping pattern)
-Postural control (orientation; stability)
-Adaptation (environmental changes - surface)

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6
Q

Standing progression - Neonate to 2 mo.

A

Reflexive (positive support reflex)

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7
Q

Standing progression - 2 to 4 mo.

A

May not accept wt. through the limbs

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8
Q

Standing progression - 4 to 6 mo.

A

Accepts wt. on LE

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9
Q

Standing progression - 6 to 8 mo.

A

Pull to stand (8 mo.)

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10
Q

True/False: At 8 mo., a pull to stand pattern is dominated by the LE

A

False (dominated by UE)

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11
Q

Standing progression - 8 to 10 mo.

A

Pull to stand (use LE for rise and descent)

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12
Q

Standing progression - 10 to 12 mo.

A

Stand easily w/ support (including cruising; tests independence w/ no UE support)

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13
Q

What are the phases of gait development?

A

-Stepping reflex
-Disappearance of stepping
-Reappearance of stepping
-Assisted locomotion
-High guard gait
-Arms at side (medium guard_
-Erect gait

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14
Q

Why is there a disappearance of stepping (phases of gait development)?

A

Additional weight gain in the LE

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15
Q

What is meant by “high guard gait?”

A

-Wide BOS
-Wide step width
-Short step length
-Toes turned out

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16
Q

What are the early phases of gait development?

A

-Reflexive movement patterns
-Limb progression is impacted by body changes (legs become heavier)
-Integration of plantar grasp

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17
Q

What is phase 4 of gait development?

A

Assisted locomotion

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18
Q

What is included in Phase 4 of gait development - Assisted locomotion?

A

-Handheld gait
-Use of supportive toy (walking toy)
-Cruising on furniture

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19
Q

What is the benefit of assisted locomotion?

A

Enables the child to travel further distances (leads to further exploration)

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20
Q

What is the key skill in Phase 4 of gait development - Assisted locomotion?

A

Learning to transfer weight between LE (adequate progression)

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21
Q

What is phase 5 of gait development?

A

Initial walking

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22
Q

How many months after first step does initial walking occur?

A

3-6 mo. after first steps

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23
Q

What is included in Phase 5 of gait development - Initial walking?

A

-High guard gait (arms up; uncontrolled)
-Rigid steps
-Short step length
-Wide BOS
-Toes turned out
-Unpredictable loss of balance
-Brief single leg stance
-Flat foot contact (no heel strike)

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24
Q

What is the aim during Phase 5 of gait development - Initial walking?

A

Control of balance

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25
What is phase 6-7 of gait development?
Immature walking
26
At approximately what age does immature walking occur?
2-3 yrs.
27
What posture is common at around 2.5 yrs. old (relative to knees)?
Genu valgum
28
What is included in Phase 6-7 of gait development - Immature walking?
-Increased step length -Minimal out toeing -Longer single leg stance -Occasional loss of balance -Reciprocal arm swing develops -Heel strike -BOS w/in lateral dimensions of trunk
29
What is the goal during phase 6-7 of gait development - Immature walking?
Refine walking pattern and progression (being more efficient)
30
At what age does mature gait occur?
7 yrs.
31
What is included in mature gait?
-Increased step length -Reciprocal arm swing -Heel strike -Narrow BOS -Rarely loses balance (w/out balance)
32
What is the goal during mature gait?
Adaptation (body is always changing)
33
True/False: Predictable changes occur in response to individual constraints in older adulthood
True (re-emergence of immature patterns)
34
What are some examples of some of the developmental changes in walking (older adults)?
-Step length decreases (3 cm) -Toeing out increases (3 degrees) -Gait speed decreases -Decreased degree of ankle extension (plantarflexion)
35
What other aspects of gait remain similar (walking in older adults)?
-Swing time -Time of support -Stride rate
36
What is the 6th vital sign?
Gait speed
37
True/False: The emergence of behaviors (related to stairs) are dependent on the presence of stairs in the environment
True
38
Progression of stairs - 8 to 12 mo.
Climbs on hands, knees, and feet
39
Progression of stairs - 15 to 16 mo.
Walks up stairs holding on to something (hand; railing)
40
Progression of stairs - 17 to 18 mo.
Walks down stairs holding on to something (hand; railing)
41
Progression of stairs - 17 to 20 mo.
-Crawls/creeps backwards down stairs -Slides on bottom down stairs
42
Progression of stairs - 24 to 30 mo. (2 yrs)
Walks up and down w/out support (using step-to pattern due to increased strength and coordination)
43
Progression of stairs - 30 to 36 mo. (3 yrs)
Walks up stairs using step over step pattern
44
Progression of stairs - 36 to 42 mo.
Walks down stairs step over step
45
What are some control parameters to think about (stair progression)?
-Strength of LE -Height of step
46
What are more examples of other locomotor skills?
-Running -Hopping -Skipping -Galloping
47
At what age does early running occur?
2 - 2.5 yrs. of age
48
What is the control parameter related to running?
Velocity (speed requires development of new motor pattern)
49
What must occur for running to happen?
Must be able to maintain balance on 1 foot consistently
50
What are some of the characteristics of early running?
-Minimal flight -UE in high or midguard (arms held up between shoulder and waist level) -Flat footed -Stiff LE -Short step length
51
Walk, Run, Hop, Gallop, and Skip (rank in order of appearance)
-Walk -Run (similar to walking; adding "flight phase") -Jump -Gallop -Hop -Skipping
52
What is the most difficult locomotor skill?
Skipping (timing; coordination)
53
What are the requirements of progressing to new locomotor skills?
Interlimb activity paired in sequence (coordinated movement between the limbs)
54
Differences between different locomotor patterns are what?
-Strength -Timing -Power
55
A new skill emerging is an indicator of what?
Balance development
56
True/False: Less coordination is needed to run, gallop, hop, and skip
False (better/more coordination)
57
Requirements - Gallop
-Asymmetrical gait (timing/movement of one limb differs from the other) -Different force production
58
Requirements - Hopping
Additional balance and force
59
What locomotor pattern requires the most significant variation in gait pattern and the greatest balance control?
Skipping (most of the movement is not in sync)
60
General age range - Stage 1 of Kicking
Males (1.5 - 3.5 yrs.) Females (1.5 - 4 yrs.)
61
Characteristics - Stage 1 of Kicking
-Child is stationary near ball -Arms in high guard -Kicks w/ knee flexed -Pushes ball more (rather than kicking it)
62
In Stage 1 of Kicking, what is the child more concerned with?
The spatial relationship between them and the ball (rather than the kick)
63
In Stage 1 of Kicking, force is produced where?
Through the thigh/knee (as opposed to total body)
64
General age range - Stage 2 of Kicking
Males (3.5 - 4.5 yrs.) Females (4-6 yrs.)
65
Characteristics - Stage 2 of Kicking
-Arms more relaxed at side -Kick by extreme knee flexion and extension -LE follow through w/ knee extension -Stationary approach
66
What is meant by the stationary approach to kicking in Stage 2?
The child runs to the ball and stops themselves just before kicking the ball
67
General age range - Stage 3 of Kicking
Males (4.5 - 7 yrs.) Females (6-8 yrs.)
68
Characteristics - Stage 3 of Kicking
-Less knee flexion w/ kick -Contacts ball w/ more toes -Trunk stays upright -Steps to approach the ball -Approaches w/ LE slightly to the side`
69
What movement begins just prior to contact in Stage 3 of kicking?
Knee extension
70
General age range - Stage 4 of Kicking
Males (7 yrs.) Females (8 yrs.)
71
Characteristics - Stage 4 of Kicking
-Approach using multiple steps -Extension of hip (past neutral) w/ flexion of the knee -Shoulders retracted -Trunk slightly extended -Knee extension rapidly just before contact
72
To slow down the movement, what is done on the supporting LE following a kick (Stage 4)?
Trunk flexion and a hop
73
True/False: There is a significant change in LE position post kick in Stage 1 of kicking development
False
74
At what stage of kicking does UE and LE opposition begin?
Stage 2 of kicking (creates counterbalance; additional force)
75
Do children initially have anticipatory control?
No (develops around 4-5 mo. post walking)
76
What is the major task relative to developing adaptation during locomotion?
Stabilizing the head
77
When does reactive/Adaptive control in children develop?
Around 4-6 yrs. (delayed/variable; gradually improves over time)
78
Adult like responses relative to adaptive control develop when?
Around 7-10 yrs.
79
True/False: For children under age 7, there is a decreased ability to perform dual control tasks that require postural and cognitive components
True
80
At what age do children use somatosensation to guide postural control?
Age 3

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