Diabetes Flashcards
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune distruction of B cells
Can be triggered by a virus like Kawasaki
HLA subtypes
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes
Polyuria
Polydispia
Hunger
Weight loss
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes
Obesity related
Associated with life style
Muscles become insulin resistant
What causes gestational diabetes
Maternal age History of type 2 African or North American more predisposed Previous gestational diabetes Previous baby over 4kg Smoking when pregnant
What are the dangers for the mother of gestational diabetes
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes later
High bp
Pre-eclampsia
Obstructive labour
What are the dangers to the child of gestational diabetes
Risk of developing type 2 diabetes later Risk of obesity Marosomia (big baby) Neonatal low blood sugar Neonatal jaundice Respiratory distress
What are the causes of secondary diabetes
Chronic pancreatitis Cystic fibrosis Pancreatic surgery Haemochromatosis Endocrine disease Drug therapy
How to diagnose diabetes
Fasting plasma glucose above 7mmol
Plsna glucose above 11.1mmol two hours
Plasma glucose randomly above 11.1mmol
The symptoms of ketoacidosis
Vomiting Abdominal pain Loss consciousness Dehydrated Rapid break down of fats and proteins releasing ketones to the blood stream
What is hyperosmolar nonketonic state
No ketones but high blood sugar
Occurs in those with type 2 diabetes
Symptoms of hypoglycaemia
Clammy
Confused
Unconscious
Occurs due to insulin over dose
What is diabetic retinopathy
Proliferation of blood vessels in the retina causing haemorrhage
Clinical signs of diabetic neuropathy
Peripheral numbness
Occasional neuropathic pain
Muscle weakness
Autonomic neuropathy
Clinical symptoms of diabetic neuropathy
Vomiting Diarrhoea Constipation Impotence Incontinance Anorgasmia Postural hypotension
Infections caused by diabetic neuropathy
Osteomyelitis- bone Septicaemia - blood Post op Rectal access Pyleophitis
