Cells

Question 1

What is a cell stressor

Answer 1

Noxious stimuli

Question 2

What is hypertrophy

Answer 2

Cell increases in size causing an organ to increase in size

E.g physiological muscles, pathological heart disease

Question 3

What is hyperplasia

Answer 3

When an increase in the number of cells causes an increase in organ size

E.g physiological menstrual cycle, pathological endometrial hyperplasia

Question 4

What is atrophy

Answer 4

Loss of substance causing a cell to shrink.

E.g due to decreased work load, age, low blood supply.

Question 5

What is metaplasia

Answer 5

When a cell is replaced by another type.
Usually reversible and usually changes due to noxious stimuli.
E.g Barrett’s oesophagus

Question 6

8 causes of cell death

Answer 6

1. Hypoxia
2. Ischaemia
3. Chemical exposure
4. Infection
5. Radiation
6. Lack of nutrients
7. Immunological reaction
8. Ageing

Question 7

What is apoptosis

Answer 7

Natural cell death
Cells activate the enzyme which degrades the cells own DNA and proteins
Bits break off and are removed by phagocytes

Question 8

Physiological examples of apoptosis

Answer 8

. Embryogenesis ( in the womb)

Question 9

Examples of pathological apoptosis

Answer 9

. DNA damage 
. Accumulation of Mis folded proteins
. Infections 
. Duct obstructions 
.cell death induced by T cells

Question 10

What is necrosis

Answer 10

A premature cell death

1) coagulative (lot rbc)
2) caseous (tb, cavity)
3) liquefactive (brain, stroke part dies)
4) fat necrosis ( fat die due to trauma)

Question 11

How can neoplasia cause cancer

Answer 11

Mild DNA damage or mutation means th cell can’t repair or divide which then causes cancer

Question 12

Abnormalities in the cell examples

Answer 12

. Fat in the liver- alcohol
. Cholesterol in smooth muscles- atherosclerosis
. Protein in Alzheimer’s