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PHS 3300 > Diabetes pt 1 > Flashcards

Diabetes pt 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

what are incretins

A

polypeptides released by the gut wall during glucose absorption

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2
Q

the transition from prepro-insulin to proinsulin is called what

A

mRNA transcription in the beta cell

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3
Q

what is glucogenesis

A

converting glucose into glycogen

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4
Q

where do VLDLs come from

A

the liver

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5
Q

insulin stimulates the hydrolysis of what two molecules

A

VLDLs and chylomicrons

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6
Q

what is lipogenesis

A

the synthesis of triglycerides via glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

name some insulin modulators

A

glucocorticoids
growth hormone
cytokines
gut hormones
neuropepties

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8
Q

how does insulin exist in dilute solutions

A

as a single molecule (monomer)

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9
Q

what are the microvascular complications with T1 diabetes

A

nephropathy
neuropathy
retinopathy

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10
Q

What is C-peptide

A

a byproduct of insulin production in the pancreas

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11
Q

what is the most robust association between inherited suscepitbility for T1d

A

polymorphisms in HLA

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12
Q

what is lipolysis

A

triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

How do FFA and insulin react

A

ffa interfere with the actions of insulin and cause insulin resistance

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14
Q

do you need insulin for T2d

A

no, you can survive without it

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15
Q

where does preproinsulin becomes proinsulin

A

Rough ER

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16
Q

what part of the beta cell secretes insulin

A

the beta cell core

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17
Q

what is lipolysis stimulated by

A

catecholamines
glucagon
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroxine

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18
Q

what cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

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19
Q

what do incretins inhibit

A

stomach emptying during meals to slow glucose absorption

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20
Q

how does insulin play a part with proteins

A

it stimulates protein formation and inhibits breakdown

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21
Q

are islets of langerhaans richly or poorly innervated

A

richly

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22
Q

what is the major source of the glycerol backbone

A

glucose

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23
Q

how are the A and B chains of insulin connected

A

by two disulfide bridges

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24
Q

what does the beta cell core do

A

secretes insulin into blood vessels which perfuse the outer islet

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25
what is HLA
human leucocyte antigen
26
Is C-peptide detectable in T1D
nope
27
when does glucose act on beta cells
when food is absorbed in the SI
28
where does insulin from the beta cell go after it is secreted
into blood vessels which then perfuse the outer islet
29
what glut receptor is used for the CNS (CHO metabolism)
glut 1
30
what does insulin stimulate in muscle tissue (CHO metabolism)
translocation of glut4 receptors to membrane glycogenesis glycolysis
31
what are the two kinds of incretins
GLP-1 GIP
32
where does the cleavage of proinsulin occur
secretory granule of insulin
33
increase in catecholamines in muscle causes what
glycogen breakdown - availability of glucose
34
what is the primary stimulus for insulin secretion
glucose
35
what is the honeymoon period with T1 diabetes
a temporary remission in some people
36
what is the macrovascular complications with T1 diabetes
ischemic heart disease
37
what do catecholamines do in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)
triggers disintegration of glycogen
38
where does the pancreas venous drainage go
into the portal vein
39
what cells secrete insulin
beta cells
40
what can happen to your muscles with a lack of insulinq
increased protein breakdown and decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
41
Is C-peptide detectable in T2D
yes
42
what three molecules are used during gluconeogenesis
lactate amino acids glycerol
43
under normal circumstances, how does the secretion of insulin occur
2 phases 1) rapid, readily releasable pool 2) extended, reserve pool
44
what is the storage form of glucose
glycogen
45
what is gluconeogenesis
glucose is made from non-glucose molecules
46
what is gluconeogenesis inhibited by
insulin
47
what is sarcopenia
decreased muscle mass
48
what does insulin inhibit
catabolic processes
49
when does glucose act on incretin release
when food is being digested in the stomach
50
what phase of secretion is lost in t2d
the first phase - rapid
51
abdominal fat may release more of what into the portal vein
FFA
52
what processes does insulin regulate in adipose tissue (CHO metabolism)
glycolysis glyceroneogenesis glycogenesis lipogensis
53
What is different about GLUT 4 from 1-3
it is insulin DEPENDANT
54
what two things aid glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)
catecholamines glucagon
55
what is GLP-1
glucagon-like peptide 1
56
where do catecholamines play a part with glucose
muscle
57
what is t2d characterized by
high fasting glucose glucose intolerance
58
how many aa in the A chain of insulin
21
59
what do PP cells secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
60
where is GIP released from
the upper gut - duodenum
61
where are all the beta cells
in the islet core
62
what chain of insulin has 21 aa
A chain
63
what glut receptors are found in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)
glut 1 glut 4
64
name 5 things that lipolysis is stimulated by
catecholamines glucagon cortisol growth hormone thyroxine
65
what chain of insulin has 30 aa
B chain
66
what does insulin stimulate in adipose tissue (CHO metabolism)
glucose uptake (glut 4) glycolysis and glycogenesis glucose to fatty acids lipogenesis
67
what is glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid (first step of cellular respiration)
68
where does GLUT 4 reside
in the cytoplasm of the cell, unless triggered to the cell membrane by insulin or excersize
69
what does pancreatic polypeptide do
inhibits pancreatic secretion inhibits gastric emptying
70
what are islet cell antibodies
a specific predictive marker for t1d
71
where is GLP-1 releasedd
from the sital bowel
72
where do chylomicrons come from
the gut
73
somatostatin inhibits:
insulin glucagon
74
what two things trigger glut 4 to come to the membrane
insulin and exercise
75
what processes does insulin regulate in skeletal muscle (CHO metabolism)
glycolysis glycogenesis glycogenolysis
76
what secretes somatosotatin
delta cells
77
what role do class 2 HLAs play in your immune system
present foreign and self antigens to T cells - start the autoimmune process
78
where is the body of the pancreas
behind the stomach and the tail touches the spleen
79
what does insulin promote
anabolic processes of enzymes
80
what is the cause of t2d
impaired insulin secretion and tissue insensitivity to insulin
81
what glut receptors are used in adipose tissue (CHO metabolism)
glut 1 glut 4
82
how does insulin exist in concentrated solutions
6 insulin molecules 2 zinc ions form a hexamer aka 3 dimers of insulin
83
Describe how glucagon acts on the liver
Gluconeogenesis UP Glycogenolysis UP Glycolysis DOWN Glycogenesis DOWN aka does anything to increase glucose in the blood stream
84
where does the secretory granule formation of insulin form
golgi appartaus in the beta cell
85
what two things stimulate glycogen breakdown/gluconeogenesis
glucagon catecholamines
86
name 4 nutrients that increase insulin secretion
glucose long chain fatty acids ketone bodies amino acids
87
how many aa in the B chain of insulin
30
88
insulin inhibits:
glucagon
89
is ketoacidosis present with t2d
no
90
what do incretins stimulate during hyperglycemia
the release of additional insulin
91
how can an absence of infections cause t1d
a lack of interaction with pathogens is an important way of educating the immune system and promoting self tolerance
92
how are abdominal and subcutaneous fat different
abdominal fat are more sensitive to lipolytic stimuli
93
where is the head and neck of the pancreas
tucked in hte C-shaped curve of the duodenum
94
what is GIP
glucose-dependant insulinotropic polypeptide
95
what is glycogenolysis
the break down of glycogen into glucose
96
how does non-alcoholic fatty liver disease occur
ffa are released in increased amounts into the portal vein and are accumulated in the liver
97
What does IDDM stand for
Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus
98
when does glucose act on gustatory sensory mechanisms that stimulate a CPIR
when food is being chewed and swallowed
99
what do delta cells secrete in the pancreas
somatosotatin
100
where is the pancreas
upper portion of posterior abdominal wall
101
what does somatostatin do
inhibits the release of pancreatic hormones also reduces gastric secretions
102
what secretes pancreatic polypeptide
PP cellsw
103
what type of diabetes has more common microvascular complications
t1d

PHS 3300 (19 decks)

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