Lec 2 - GI disorders Flashcards
1
Q
stage C2 colon/rectal cancer
A
B2 to regional lymph nodes
2
Q
what are both the IBDs associated with
A
increased risk of colorectal cancer
3
Q
are hemorrhoids serious
A
no
4
Q
name two causes of malabsorption
A
problems with digestion
difficulty with absorption through intestinal wall
5
Q
duodenal ulcers tend to develop in what kinds of people
A
young people
Type O blood
6
Q
what causes pain with gall stones
A
contractions of the gallbladder
7
Q
order of most to least common areas for ulcers
A
duodenum
stomach
lower esophagus
8
Q
what happens to the brush borderwhen a celiac patient eats gluten
A
it becomes thickened and infiltrated with inflammatory cells
9
Q
what happens when someone who has celiac eats gluten
A
they lose villous epithelium
10
Q
what are some potential causes of crohns disease
A
autoimmune
genetics
diet
smoking
11
Q
when will pain occur with gastric ulcers
A
right after eating - eating triggers acid release but theres nothing for the stomach to soak up yet
12
Q
Describe the extent of damage between the two IBD
A
crohns: full thickness of wall
Ulcerative colitis: only the mucosa
13
Q
when do colon and rectal cancer typically onset
A
after 50 years old
14
Q
Name 5 ways duodenal ulcers are created
A
excess parietal cells
prolonged gastrin
too rapid gastric emptying
NSAIDs
cigarette stimulated acid secretion
15
Q
Crohns disease is a ______ ______ disease
A
chronic inflammatory
16
Q
what is the primary defect leading to gastric ulcers
A
abnormality that increases the permeability of mucosal barrier
17
Q
what IBD only occurs in the rectum/colon
A
ulcerative colitis
18
Q
what does the transport of chloride ions do
A
helps control the movement of water in tissues - necessary for production of thin mucus
19
Q
what is a polyp
A
little outgrowth of tissue into the lumen of the LI
20
Q
Stage D colon/rectal cancer
A
metastases in distant sites
21
Q
Describe the different locations between the two IBD
A
Crohns: any region of GI tract (typically intestines)
Ulcerative colitis: rectum into colon ONLY
22
Q
what are neoplams
A
they produce hormones that stimulate secretion
23
Q
how do gallstones affect a person
A
blocks the flow of bile from gallbladder leading to pain
24
Q
What is liver cirrhosis
A
end disease - enough damage has been done that it doesnt work anymore
25
how do we help irritable bowel
identifying personal triggers and avoiding those
26
what is a neoplasm
a cancer - can block the flow in the GI tract
27
how do excess parietal cells cause duodenal ulcers
they secrete acid, can cause a lower pH
28
what is a fistula
passageway that links an area of the SI with another
29
what ages are most common to have ulcerative colitis
20-40
30
What does the CFTR protein do
functions as a channel across the membrane of cells that provide mucus, sweat, enzymes etc
31
What gender is irritable bowel syndrome most common in
females
32
what can a barium xray do for UC patients
identify loss of haustra
33
how can pregnancy cause hemorrhoids
progesterone slows down motility of LI - constipation
also relaxes SM in LI and BV making varicosities more common
34
what is the most common symptom of duodenal ulcers
Pain 30min-2hr after eating
35
90-95% of stomach malignancies are ____
carcinomas
36
what are the three kinds of large volume diarrhea
osmotic
secretory
mixed (motility)
37
how does the body compensate with the removal of the gallbladder
the bile duct enlarges for storage
38
Name two treatments beside antacids for duodenal ulcers
PPIs
H2 blockers
39
Name the 5 main types of intestinal obstructions
hernia
volvulus
intussusception
neoplasm
adhesions
40
when do polyps become malignant and highly invasive
once they traverse the muscularis mucosae
41
How does alcohol cause cirrhosis
it becomes the primary metabolic feul
affects cell function
generates reactive oxygen species
42
what causes secretory diarrhea
bacterial endotoxins
neoplasmsw
43
stage A colon and rectal cancer
confined to mucosa
44
What does H pylori provoke
inflammatory response - can't get rid of bacteria and ongoing inflammation damages mucosal cells
45
name some clinical signs of crohns disease
diarrhea
tenderness
malabsorption of B12
blood in stool
nausea etc
46
what occurs with appendicitis
the appendix gets blocked and therefore cannot drain - pressure inc
blood flow decreases and it can burst
47
describe secretory diarrhea
excessive secretion of fluid and electrolytes into intestinal lumen
inhibition of Na or Cl absorption
48
Describe the nature of lesions between the two IBD
Crohns: skip lesions
Ulcerative colitis: continuous inflammation that can move proximally
49
what occurs with hemorrhoids
the venous plexus around the rectal area dilates
50
what is the primary defect for gastric ulcers
abnormality that increases the permeability of the mucosal barrier
51
what antibodies are activated when gluten is eaten with celiac
anti gliadin
52
what is obstructive jaundice
yellow bile pigments go to blood and then to skin
53
what is a vovulus
a twist in the LI that makes a knot and can cause a complete obstruction
54
what is a sigmoidoscopy
where you go into the distal part of the colon to look at it
55
what happens to the epithelium when a celiac patient eats gluten
it becomes cuboidal rather than columnar
56
why are processed meats a carcinogen?
they have nitrites which turn into nitrosamine which is a carcinogen
57
Name the intestinal obstruction:
telescoping of one area, a part pushes back into another and narrows the pathway
Intussusception
58
what are some clinical signs of celiac disease
weight loss
lots of stinky and fatty poo
hypo-proteinemia
59
what are gastric ulcers typically associated with
gastric atrophy - mucus is mostly water
60
Stage B2 colon and rectal cancer
to serosa but not lymph nodes
61
how does lactose cause diarrhea
it stays in the SI and pulls water with it (it creates osmotic gradients)
62
how does high serum gastrin cause duodenal ulcers
strong simulator of acid secretion by parietal cells
*can be caused by H pylori
63
what might be lacking in gastric atrophy secretions
intrinsic factor
64
Name the intestinal obstruction:
things pushing down from the outside ie muscle and narrowing the passageway
adhesion
65
how is diverticulitis caused
strong contractions push some of the lumen out inbetween the 3 bands of longitudinal muscle in the LI
66
what is an intussusception
telescoping of one area, a part pushes back into another and narrows the pathway
67
what are ascites
fluid that builds up in the abdominal cavity
68
How does lactose cause gas
as lactose goes into the LI, the bacteria digest it, but gas is produced as a byproduct
69
what is fibrosis caused by
increased production of ECM components
70
Name the intestinal obstruction:
a twist in the LI that makes a knot and can cause a complete obstruction
a volvulus
71
Stage C1 colon/rectal cancer
B1 to regional lymph nodes
72
Where do we get lactase from
it's a brush border enzyme from the SI
73
True or false: Crohns disease can affecct any segment of the GI tract
True
74
what hormones can alter intestinal motility
ones at the end of the luteal phase of cycle
75
what is mixed diarrhea
the rate of transit through intestine is too quick to allow water to be reabsorbed
76
what is the relationship between CF and the pancreas
The lack of CFTR makes very thick mucus and blocks the ducts - causing fibrosis, lack of enzymes, incomplete digestions and then nutritional deficiencies
77
celiac occurs more often in which gender
women
78
what part of the SI can cause malabsorption of B12 in crohns disease
ileum
79
what are polyps associated with
increased risk of colon and rectal cancer
80
Name the intestinal obstruction:
a cancer - can block the flow in the GI tract
a neoplasm
81
what happens with crohns disease
an inflammaotyr response occurs that goes through the whole thickness and can cause perforations and get part of the intestines stuck to another
82
what happens to epithelial villi when a celiac patient eats gluten
they get flattened or absent
83
whats the treatment for duodenal ulcers
anything to make the environment less acidic and allow the ulcer to heal
PPI
H2 blocker
antibiotics *h pylori
ulcer coating agents
84
what can cause hemorrhoids
constipation
pregnancy
85
what does fibrosis lead to
protal hypertension
86
what kind of tenderess is present with appendicitis
rebound
87
name 3 key causes of liver cirrhosis
alcoholism
viral hepatitis
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
88
which are more chronic - gastric or duodenal ulcers
gastric - they also cause more anorexia, vomiting and weight loss
89
Stage B1 colon/rectal cancer
muscularis but not to serosa
90
what is an adhesion
things pushing down from the outside ie muscle and narrowing the passageway
91
what ages are typically affected by gastric ulcers
55-65
92
what is the most common site of ulcers
duodenum
93
what is the only definitive diagnosis method for gastric carcinoma
gastric biopsy
94
what does lactase do
turns lactose (a disaccharide) into a monosaccharide so we can digest it
95
How can a lack of fiber cause diverticulitis
it increases the risk of constipation, which means you'll be straining more to poop
96
why does gastric carcinoma have such a low survival rate?
because there are no automatic red flags that say cancer
97
where does ulcerative colitis occur
rectum or colon
98
what are some clinical signs of appendicitis
pain in the lower right quadrant
nausea
vomiting
low-grade fever
99
how does bile get more concentrated in the gallbladder
water and salts get reabsorbed by the lining of the gallbladder - lipid soluble parts get concentrated
100
what is the origin of crohns disease thought to be
autoimmune
101
what is a major cause of duodenal ulcers
H pylori - but typically not enough
102
what are the two inflammatory bowel diseases
crohns disease
ulcerative colitis
103
what is the most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
104
whats the releationship between CF and CFTR
CFTR is missing an amino acid, and therefore breaks down - cannot reach the cell membrane to transport chloride ions
105
what is appendicitis
inflammation of vermiform appendix
106
what is a hernia
a little bit of the intestine gets pushed through the abdominal wall and gets stuck there
107
How do bacteria in our digestive system get their nutrition
by digesting carbohydrates that we cannot
108
what is an adenocarcinoma
cancer of the epithelial cells
109
what are some clinical signs of UC
pooping more often
bleeding
pain
fever
110
how do you diagnose celiac
do blood work to look for antibodies
get an intestinal biopsy
111
what is different between irritable bowel and colitis
irritable bowel doesnt damage the intestinal wall nor does it have an increased risk of colorectal cancer
112
who do gastric ulcers affect most
55-65 year olds
113
describe osmotic diarrhea
a non-absorbable substance in intestine draws water into lumen by osmosis
114
Name the intestinal obstruction:
a little bit of the intestine gets pushed through the abdominal wall and gets stuck there
Hernia
115
how many bands of longitudinal muscle are there in the large intestine
3
116
How do you diagnose duodenal ulcers 3
barium xray films
flexible endoscopy
gastric biopsy (h pylori)
117
whats the main line of treatment for crohns
to supress the immune response
