Neoplasia pt 1 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
abl gene comes from what chromosome
A
9
2
Q
where does leukemia originate
A
bone marrow
3
Q
why is fluorodeoxyglucose used to detect cancers in PET scans
A
because cancer cells use so much glucose, they’ll take up most of it
4
Q
what are ROS’s induced by
A
radiation
UV
other metabolic cellular stresses
5
Q
80% of acute leukemias are what kind
A
acute myeloid leukemias
6
Q
what two types of oncogenes are there
A
growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
Proteins that are involved in the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation
7
Q
how many copies of Rb must be mutated in order to result in cancer
A
both (2)w
8
Q
name some examples of adenocarcinomas
A
breast
pancreas
ovary
prostate
9
Q
how can retinoic acid help treat M2M3 cancers
A
they cause the cells to mature quickly and are less likely of growht/division
10
Q
what is leukopenia
A
reduced immune cell function
11
Q
how does leukemia spread
A
through the blood stream
12
Q
what are teh 4 factors of cancer
A
autonomous cell growth
altered cellular morphology
malignant
encompasses multiple diseases
13
Q
what doe ER+/PR+ mean
A
estrogen receptor positive
progesterone receptor positive
14
Q
What does Rb (retinoblastoma) do
A
prevents entry into G1 phase of cell division
15
Q
why is a loss of an amine not always recognized as a mutation
A
sometimes itll mutate into a common base like thymine
16
Q
what is the TNM system based on
A
extent of the tumor
extent of spread to lymph nodes
presence of metastasis
17
Q
cancers of epithelial cells are what percent of all cancers
A
over 90
18
Q
name some reasons that Ras is so good as an oncogene
A
inhibits apoptosis
stimulates growth
stimulates proliferation
stimulares protein synthesis and transcription
allows for cell movement metastasis
19
Q
what percent of cases are hodgkins lymphoma
A
30
20
Q
the onset age for acute leukemia is typicall
A
60+ years
21
Q
can you develop cancer with only an oncogene OR tumor suppressor mutation
A
no, you need both
22
Q
how common is burkitt lymphoma
A
not super common
23
Q
what is a somatic mutation
A
a mutation after birth
24
Q
What two types of lymphoma can be derived from the LZ of the germinal center
A
DLBCL
Follicular
25
how does a point mutation affect a codon
it changes it, changing one of the bases
26
what are the 4 steps of local invasion
looseining Intracellular junctions
attachment
degradation
migration
27
how do we treat bcr-abl gene
target the kinase activity
28
most common malignancy in children 3-7 is what
ALL
29
what is cachexia
a syndrome of altered metabolic activity resulting in muscle protein loss
30
what are the two biggest lifestyle and environmental factors for cancer
Diet
Tobacco
31
what will a tumor create to entice inflammatory cells
cytokines
chemokines
32
what are the two types of retinoblastoma cancer
non-hereditary (sporadic mutations)
Hereditary (born with one Rb- and only need one somatic muattion)
33
what does cyclin D do
pushes cells into G1 phase of replication
34
what does UV irradiation cause with regards to cancer
cross linking of pryimidines
35
What are teh 3 classifications of DNA mutations
Point
Insertion
Deletion
36
what is the neuroectoderm
it forms the neural tube and the nerual crest
37
what is the most common mutation
loss of an amine (NH2)
38
acute leukemia arises from what kind of cells
immature, rapidly dividing cells
39
What parts of the body are affected with Li Fraumeni syndrome
SBLA
Sarcoma
Breast
lymph/leukemia
adrenals
40
Name 2 specific roles of tumor suppressor genes
function as gatekeepers to prevent entry into cell cycle
caretakers to try and maintain DNA
41
what kind of cells would you be most likely to see HER2 gene amplifications
growth factor cells
42
what does stage 4 cancer mean
the cancer has spread to another organ
43
what is used to see cancer in PET scans
flurodeoxyglucose
44
when tumor cells leave the blood stream and reenter tissue
extravasion
45
what are neuroectodrmal malignancies
tumours of the neuroectoderm
46
why is Ras an excellent oncogene
promotes many features of cancer
47
what system is used to stage a tumour
The TNM system
48
what is intravasation
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
49
Name the two oncogene growth factor receptors/ proteins that help GFR to function
HER2/neu
Ras
50
when tumor cells enter the blood stream
intravasion
51
what are cancers classified based on
on the tissue from which they develop
52
where are lymphoma cancers found
in the lymph nodes
53
pushing cells into G1 has what effect
causes them to proliferate
54
Describe nonreciprocal interchromosomal translocation
a part of a gene will move to a different gene
55
better prognoisis occurs with acute leukemia when these cells are involved
M2/M3
56
describe reed-sternberg cells
binucleated cells derived from B cells
57
what does the tumor suppressor gene do
inhibits cell proliferation
58
what is the thing that distinguishes between hodgkins and nonhodgkins lymphoma
Reed-sternberg cells
59
Name the oncogene protein that are involved in the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation
myc
60
what are the 3 main subtypes of breast cancer
ER+/PR+
HER2/neu +
Triple negative
61
Name 3 examples of tumor suppressor genes
Retinoblastoma
p53
BRCA 1/2
62
what lymph nodes are reed-sternberg cells first evident in typically
cervical
63
chronic leukemias are most common in what ages
40-50 is the onset
64
M2 and M3 cell leukemias can be sucessfully treated with what
retinoic acid
65
how does lymphoma spread
through the lymphatic system
66
what is a tumor promoter in breast cancer
estrogen smh
67
an inflammatory response in a tumor does what
can promote growth
68
what are sarcoma cancers
cancers of connective or non-epithelial tissue
69
Where does burkitt lymphoma originate from
the dark zone of the germinal center of the lymph nodes
70
what does the bcr-abl gene do
causes bone marrow cells to make large numbers of abnormal white blood cells
71
how does HPV cause cervical cancer
it has a protein that causes the destruction of p53
72
where do non hodgkin lymphomas originate
germinal center of lymph nodes
73
chronic leukemia is typically what kind of leukocyte
granulocyte
74
what are the 3 types of translocations
nonreciprocal intrachromosomal
nonreciprocal interchromosomal
reciprocal interchromosomal
75
what is senescence
where the cell doesnt die but just sits in the tissuew
76
what is CLL
chronic lymphoid leukemia
77
most cases of CLL are what kind of leukemias
B cell
78
what percent of cancers are sarcomas
1
79
what is dysplasia
the prescence of abnormal cells in a tissue
80
what are the 2 purine bases
adenine
guanine
81
what do oncogenes do
promote cell proliferation
82
what percent of cancers are neuroectodermal malignancies
1
83
why can senescence be problematic
it releases proteins that helps neighbouring cells divide- can help cancer cells
84
what is used to treat breast cancers via blocking the estrogen receptor
tamoxifen
85
what cells are reed-sternberg cells derived from
B cells
86
What does BPDE do in regards to your DNA
it will add itself to a base covalently - is typically destroyed but sometimes not caught
87
what is "carcinoma in situ"
an early cancer that is only present in the layer of cells that in began in
88
How do b cells become reed-sternberg cells
they should have undergone apoptosis but didn't, so when they try and divide, they cant go through with cytokineses and dont fully divide
89
what age does retinoblastoma typically develop in
kids younger than 5
90
what does ROS stand for
reactive oxygen species
91
what are squamous cell carinomas
cancers of cells that are exposed to the outside
92
what is the philadelphia chromosomes
specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22 of leukemia cancer cells
93
what are the two kinds of genes involved in development of cancer
tumour suppressor gene
Oncogene
94
what do ROS's have to do with cancer
they can cause direct damage to DNA bases
95
what is the antibody used to target cells expressing HER2/neu
Herceptin
96
what is neoplasia
abnormal cell growth
97
if BRCA proteins are mutant, what happens
the genome becomes unstable because mutations happen and arent properly repaired
98
how to tumor cells in the blood stream prevent detection
by interacting and blending in with blood components
99
what are the 4 dna bases
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
100
what kind of cancer will you typically see gene amplification
breast cancer
101
poor prognosis with acute leukemia is associated with what cells
M0/M1
102
describe nonreciprocal intrachromosomal translocation
parts of a gene will move to a different part in that same gene
103
who has a better prognosis in ALL children or adults
children
104
what does myc do
induces the expression of cyclin D to help push cells into G1
105
why is it hard to detect a brain tumor on a pet scan
because like tumors, the brain uses so much glucose that it's going to light up anyways
106
why can cancer cause cachexia
because the tumor uses so much glucose and energy that the body breaks down whatever it can
107
what does base deamination do
changes the nature of the base to create a point mutation
108
when B cells encounter antigens, where they go to first in the lymph nodes
Dark zone of the germinal center
109
if you catch hodgkins lymphoma early, is there a good prognosis
yep
110
BRCA genes are part of what complex
DNA repair
111
what are the 2 pyrimidine bases
cytosine
thymine
112
bcr gene comes from what chromosome
22
113
name for reduced immune cell function
leukopenia
114
name some examples of squamous cell carcinomas
skin
lung
cervix
nasal cavity
115
what are the 3 most common types of lymphoma
follicular
diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Hodgkins
116
what is the funciton of a tumor promoter
it expands the number of cells with an oncogene activated so that it is more likely that there will be a second mutation in p53 in one of those cells
117
what is regarded as the most important tumor supressor protein
p53
118
where does DLBCL originated
The light zone of the germinal center of the lymph nodes
119
What does DLBCL stand for
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
120
Describe reciprocal interchromosomal translocation
two genes kind of exchange parts of their genes
121
what does p53 promote the production of
cell death
proteins that stop the cell cycle (ie activate checkpoints)
122
what is extravasation
when tumor cells leave the blood stream and reenter tissue
123
Li Fraumeni syndrome has what kind of mutation of the p53 gene
heterozygous
124
what type of cells are affected by adenocarcinomas
secretory epithelia
125
what type of lymphoma is derived from immature B cells in the DZ of the germinal center
Burkitt lymphoma
126
what causes a frameshift in DNA
insertion or deletion of a base
127
Why is it not really a big deal if the third base changes in an aa
because there are multiple different codes with variations in the third base that code for the same aa
128
what is ALL
acute lymophoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
129
what do oncogenes promote
cellular processes necessary for cancer cell proliferation and survival
130
what in the LZ of the germinal center stimulates B cells to divide
T cells
131
what is the largest group of cancers
carcinomas
