Respiratory pt 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are some conditions that can cause orthopnea
A
left ventricular heart failure
pulmonary edema
2
Q
describe cheyne-stokes respirations
A
alternating apnea and hyperventilation
3
Q
what is the purpose of kussmaul breathing
A
to unload CO2
4
Q
central sleep apnea
A
defect in respiratory centre
5
Q
what is exudative pleural effusion
A
fluid in pleural cavity has proteins - inflammation, infection, malignancies
6
Q
true or false:
sypathetic nervous system constricts the bronchioles
A
false - it dilates the bronchioles
7
Q
Hyperventilation
A
breathing very fast and deeply, exhaling more air than you take in
8
Q
when does surfactant production occur
A
late in gestation
9
Q
name some signs of dyspnea
A
flaring nostrils
accessory muscle use
10
Q
what kind of disease would have a low forced vital capacity
A
restrictive
11
Q
what does stridor signal
A
airway obstruction
12
Q
apnea
A
temporary cessation of breathing
13
Q
name 4 symptoms of ARDS
A
dyspnea
sever hypoxemia
decreased lung compliance
diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates
14
Q
what is a diffuse pulmonary infiltrates
A
anything more dense than air
15
Q
what is hypercapnia
A
having too much CO2 in your blood
16
Q
what triggers periods of hyperventilation with cheyne-stokes respirations
A
rising levels of CO2
17
Q
forced vital capacity test
A
deep breath in and then exhale forcibly
18
Q
pneumothorax
A
air in intrapleural space
19
Q
what is dyspnea
A
difficulty breathing
20
Q
what things can crackles in resp signmal
A
pneumonia
pulmonary fibrosis
21
Q
what are the 4 kinds of hypoxia
A
anemic
ischemic
histotoxic
hypoxemic
22
Q
what keeps fluid from moving into alveoli from capillaries
A
surfactant
23
Q
obstructive sleep apnea
A
relaxation of muscles that support soft tissues of throat
24
Q
what are the two main types of acute obstructive airway disease
A
acute bronchitis
asthma
25
what does hyperventilation result in
hypocapnia
26
what are teh typical treatments for asthma
bronchodilators
corticosteroids
(via a nebulizer typically)
27
minute ventilation test
total air in or out in one minute
28
what kind of disease would have a low forced expiratory volume
obstructive
29
30
what occurs with rapid deep breathing
CO2 flushed out
pH rises
31
what does ARDS stand for
acute/adult respiratory distress syndrome
32
what can a low PCO2 cause with regards to breathing
hypoventilation and can cause periods of apnea
33
what are the two kinds of sleep apnea
obstructive
central
34
describe asthma
episodic acute airway obsturction resulting from stimuli that would not elicit a response in non-asthmatic individuals
35
hypoxia vs hypoxemia
hypoxia: low oxygen levels in your tissues
hypoxemia: low oxygen levels in your blood
36
only having water in the alveoli would cause what and when
alveolar collapse during expiration
37
describe the early acute phase of extrinsic asthma
narrowing of airway that peaks within 15-30 mins (bronchospasm mainly)
38
anemic hypoxia
too few RBCs or RBCs with abnormal Hb
39
leakage of water, protein, inflammatory cells and RBCs into interstitum and alveolar lumen
This is known as what
hyaline membrane disease
40
ischemic hypoxia
blood circulation impaired
41
in obstructive diseases is forced expiratory volume high or low
low
42
what is the most important stimulus of surfactant
normal ventilation
43
what is the proliferative phase of lung injuries
replacement of type 1 and 2 cells
44
what kind of asthma typically goes into remission in early adulthood
extrinsic
45
what things can cause clubbing
diseases that interfere with oxygenation
46
what does hypoventilation result in
hypercapnia
47
Hyperpnea
breathing more deeply but not necessarily faster
48
what occurs with acute bronchitis
inc mucus secretion
inc bronchial swelling
dysfunction of cilia
= nonproductive cough and resistance to expiratory airflow
49
describe the air capacity values in restrictive pulm diseases and why
dec VC
dec TLC
dec FRC
dec RV d
due to limited lung expansion
50
damage to the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium causes what
leakage of water, protein, inflammatory cells and RBCs into interstitum and alveolar lumen
51
what tends to be the cause of intrinsic asthma
multiple resp tract infections
52
what can cause immediate lung collapse
any condition that equalizes intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure
53
what causes RDS
surfactant deficiency
54
what two things does lung compliance depend on
elasticity of lung tissue
elasticity of thoracic cage
55
what can pulmonary function tests distinguist between
obstructive pulmonary disease
restrictive diseases
56
what Ig triggers extrinsic asthma
IgE
57
what are some obstructive pulmonary diseases
bronchitis
asthma
58
when does skin become blueish with hypoxia
when spo2 is under 75%
59
what is oxygen toxicitiy
oxygen is toxic to surfactant producing cells, and supports a high level of production of free radicals
60
air in intrapleural space
pneumothorax
61
describe the stage of lung injury
excessive collage deposition as lung attempts to self repair
fibrotic phase
62
oxygen saturation varies between what two values with cheyne-stokes respirations
90-100
63
can intrinsic asthma be helped with allergy shots
no
64
what type of drug use is controversial for lung management and not suggested early in disease
steroid use
65
what type of cells produce surfactant
type 2 cells
66
what depth of breathing would you find with tachypnea
shallow breaths
67
describe the stage of lung injury:
replacement of type 1 and 2 cells
proliferative phase
68
what things can cause cheyne-stokes respirations
anything that slows blood flow to brain
ie heart failure, brainstem diseases
69
what is the fibrotic phase of lung injury
excessive collage deposition as lung attempts to self repair
70
what is hypocapnia
low blood levels of CO2
71
what are the 3 phases an injured lung goes through
exudative phase
proliferative phase
fibrotic phase
72
is intrinsic asthma seasonal
no
73
what allows lungs to slide during breathing
pleural fluid
74
lung compliance
ease with which lungs can be distended per unit change in pressure
75
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
76
what are some common features of asthma
hyperresponsiveness/i nflammatory response in airways
77
what does RDS stand for
respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn
78
what is trasudative pleural effusion
watery fluid - disorders that increase bp or decrease capillary oncotic pressure
79
what does IgE do with extrinsic asthma
interacts with mast cells leading to histamine, protaglandins and leukotriene release
80
what is orthopnea typically caused by
increased fluid in lung that is helped by being upright
81
who does IRDS affect
premature babies who dont have enough surfactant
82
what is a eupnea tidal volume
400-800mL
83
what are the two phases of extrinsic asthma
early acute
late phase
84
resistance of respiratory passageway is determined by what
diameter of conducting tubes
85
what 3 pathophiological things occur with exxtrinsic asthma
constriciton of bronchial smooth muscle
increased secretion of goblet cells
mucosal swelling
86
of those who do recover from ARDS, most regain what percent of lung function after one year
75
87
what values of CO2 would you expect in someone whos hypocapnic
under 36mm Hg
88
describe the air capacity values in obstructive pulm diseases and why
inc TLC
inc FRC
inc RV
due to hyperinflation of lungs
89
what are some restrictive pulm diseases
TB
polio
pulmonary fibrosis
90
name 3 underlying causes of ARDS
reduced perfusion
increased capillary permeability
direct tissue/capillary insults
91
what things can cause tachypnea
lung disease
obesity
pulmonary embolism
92
describe the late phase of extrinsic asthma
peaks in 2-6 h
due to airway edema plus mucus production
93
what is a healthy minute ventilation (volume)
6L per min
94
what is the overall mortality of ARDS
32-45%
95
what is clubbings
selective bulbous enlargement of a distal segment of a digit
96
who does intrinsic asthma affect
adults, most commonly women
97
true or false: obstruction is intermittent and reversible for asthma and acutre bronchitis
true
98
bradypnea
under 12 breaths per min
99
what type of ventilation prevents alveolar collapse
positive pressure ventilation
100
histotoxic hypoxia
caused by metabolic poisons wehre you have enough O2 but cant use it
101
what breathing pattern can lead to atelectasis
hypoventilation
102
what values of CO2 would be present with hypercapnia
PCO2 over 44mm Hg
103
tachypnea
over 20 breaths per minute
104
what things can cause bradypnea
narcotic overuse
brain disorder
hypothyroidism
105
what is the most common presenting symptom of pleural effusion
dyspnea
106
what is pleurisy
the pleura become inflamed
107
in a restrictive disease, is forced vital capacity high or low
low
108
what occurs with CO2 during slow, shallow breathing
CO2 accumulates in blood
pH drops
109
what does surfactant do
reduce surface tension due to water molecules - prevents alveoli collapse
110
describe kussmaul breathing
deep, rapid breaths
111
what waterproofs lungs
surfactant
112
hypoxemic hypoxia
reduced arterial PO2
113
what is the most common type of asthma
extrinsic asthma
(allergic)
114
orthopnea
difficulty breathing when lying down
115
bronchospasm
constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
116
forced expiratory volume
pushing out as much air as possible
117
what are some neural influences on resp passageway resistance
parasympathetic: constirction of bronchioles (irritants, histamine)
sympathetic: dilates bronchioles - decreased resistance
118
what does pleurisy cause on breathing
sharp chest pain that worsens during breathing
