Lec 1 - GI disorders Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What bacteria causes scarlet fever
A
Group A streptococcus
2
Q
what does chronic gastritis cause
A
thinning and degernation of gastric wall
3
Q
myotomy
A
cut GE sphincter muscles
4
Q
what does myxovirus cause
A
mumps
5
Q
what is emesis
A
vominting
6
Q
Word for “difficulty in swallowing”
A
Dysphagia
7
Q
What big symptom does group A streptococcus cause
A
Strawberry tongue
8
Q
Describe stomatits
A
ulcerative inflammation of one or more areas of oral mucosa
9
Q
what division of the ANS stimulates saliva production
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
what gastritis is typically superficial erosion
A
acute
11
Q
why can lipid soluble drugs cause gastric bleeding
A
creates a path through stomach mucosa into blood stream - can allow blood to ente
12
Q
esophageal hiatus
A
break in the diaphragm to allow esophagus to enter abdomen
13
Q
what are PGs
A
prostaglandins
14
Q
why is inhibition of PGs bad
A
they make mucus, and inhibition means less of a barrier for epithelial cells
15
Q
Another word for a dry mouth
A
Xerostomia
16
Q
what is the treatment for acute gastritis
A
antacids
stopping drugs
antibiotics if H pylori
PPI or H2 blocket for less acid
17
Q
what type of chronic gastritis is associated with persistent inflammation (h pylori)
A
antral
Type B
18
Q
what produces urease
A
h pylori
19
Q
what does pepsin do
A
digest proteins
20
Q
what stimulates vagus nerve - increases gastric secretions
A
insulin
21
Q
what type of chronic gastritis is not associated with function losses
A
antral
Type B
22
Q
What are PPIs used for
A
treating GERD
23
Q
what is a risk factor for h pylori
A
age
24
Q
sympathetic division of ANS ______saliva secretion
A
inhibits
25
What does GERD stand for
Gastroesophageal refulx
26
how do nicotine and caffeine influence the stomach
increase amount and acidity of gastric secretions
27
What causes strawberry tongue
Scarlet fever
28
how do corticosteroids or stress influence the stomach
increase acid/pepsinogen secretion
decrease blood flow to stomach wall
29
Angular stomatits is also known as
Angular chelitis
30
what type of chronic gastritis is more common
Antral
Type B
31
what type of chronic gastritis is auto-immune
fundal
Type A
32
What is esophagitis
inflammation of esophageal mucosa
33
what hiatal hernia typically needs surgery
rolling - can cut off blood supply to part of the stomach
34
is reflux common in rolling hiatal hernias?
no, because GE remains below diaphragm
35
what is manometry
pressure catheter inserted to measure pressure changes in esophagus during swallowing
36
how do aspirin, alcohol, bile salts influence the stomach
alter permeability of epithelial barrier
37
cut GE sphincter muscles surgery name
myotomy
38
why is esophageal cancer so deadly
; usually asymptomatic until unresectable
39
What causes oral thrush
Candida albicans
40
how to diagnose esophageal cancer
endoscopy+biopsy
barium swallow
41
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
42
What are esophageal varices
protrusion of esophageal veins into esophageal lumen
veins into lumen
43
breath tests can diagnose what bacteria
h pylori
44
what is gravol to H1 receptors
an antagonist
45
what does helicobacter pylori produce
urease
46
What is the average saliva output
1000-1500ml/day
47
What hiatal hernia is sporadic
sliding
48
What causes mumps
myxovirus
49
what alter permeability of epithelial barrier
asprin
alcohol
bile salts
50
what does stress do for achalasia
increase the symptoms
51
What is achalasia
an uncommon disorder of esophageal motility
52
what increase acid/pepsinogen secretion
decrease blood flow to stomach wall
corticosteroids
stress
53
what do NSAIDS do in the stomach
inhibit PG release
^ they make mucus
54
what is the strongest acid stimulator
histamine
55
what hiatal hernia is continuous
rolling
56
what stimulates vomiting
CNS
57
What are the 3 typical acid stimulators
Gastrin
Histamine
ACh
58
what are the symptoms of gerd
substernal pain
59
where does h pylori embed
mucus layer of stomach
60
Xerostomia
A dry mouth
61
name some ways to treat achalasia
small meals
dialation of GE sphincter with balloon
Myotomy
Botox
62
what increase amount and acidity of gastric secretions
caffeine and nicotine
63
rolling hiatal hernia
part of greater curvature of stomach protrudes through 2nd or enlarged opening in diaphragm
64
what occurs with achalasia
atrophy of smooth muscle
degeneration of esophageal ganglion cells
65
how does insulin influence the stomach
stimulates vagus nerve - increases gastric secretions
66
what causes esophageal varices
portal hypertension (cirrhosis)
67
who typically has chronic gastritis
elderly people
68
What are the two kinds of gastritis, and the two places it affects
acute
chronic
fundus
antrum
69
Which is more common: sliding or hiatial hernia
sliding (90%)
70
What can GERD cause long term
esophagitis
barretts esophagus
71
what are 3 potential causes for hiatal hernias
defect in diaphragm
weakening of diaphragm muscles
increased abdominal pressure
72
what kind of drugs can easily cross stomach mucosa into blood
lipid soluble
like asprin
73
concerns with prolonged vomiting
dehydration
acid base balance
74
What is the target of achalasia treatment
The GE sphincter
75
Barretts esophagus
cells lining esophagus change into simple columnar (same as stomach)
76
what percent of hiatal hernias are rolling
10
77
what decreases output of mucus by gastric mucosa
asprin
78
What is a side effect of relaxing the GE sphincter
GERD
79
What are the symptoms of infections/ stones in salivary glands
Pain and swelling when getting ready to eat - saliva production
80
why are we concerned with vein rupture with esophageal varices
because the veins are so thin walled
81
What do PPIs act on
the proton pump
82
What is an H2 blocker
Histamine - 2 blocker
(2nd receptor is the one responsible for making acid in the stomach)
83
Where is the GE sphincter supposed to lie
at the level of the diaphragm
84
Esophageal cancer prognosis
16%, very poor
85
Barretts esophagus increases the risk of:
adenocarcinoma
cancer
86
what is acute gastritis typically from
injury of mucosal barrier via drugs or H pylori
87
what are the symptoms of gastritis
abdominal disconfort
bleeding
epigastric tenderness
88
what center in the brain activates emesis
emetic center in medulla
89
sliding hiatal hernia
stomach + GE sphincter slide through esophageal hiatus (when lying down or abdominal pressure increases)
90
What can longterm use of PPIs lead to
malabsorption of B12, iron, magnesium, calcium
91
what represents 5-10% of GI malignancies
esophageal cancer
92
what type of chronic gastritis is most severe
fundal
Type A
93
what does emetic center do (3)
muscles of abdominal wall and diaphragm contract
GE spincter relaxes
soft palate rises to close nasal passages
94
pressure catheter inserted to measure pressure changes in esophagus during swallowing
Manometry
95
What are NSAIDS
non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
96
inflammation of gastric mucosa
gastritis
97
what is the mortality for ruptures esophageal varices
40%
98
what is the most effective way to diagnose GERD
pH measurement and biopsy
99
what disease causes GE tone loss
Achalasia
100
What does candida albicans cause
Oral thrush
101
Name the 5 most common symptoms of GI disorders
Dysphagia
Esophageal/abdominal pain
Vomiting (emesis)
Gas
Diarrhea/constipation
102
What is gastritis
inflammation of gastric mucosa
103
What makes GERD pain worse
lying down (supine)
104
what are the symptoms of esophageal cancer
mild dysphagia
weight loss
105
how can breath tests detect h pylori
drink urea with radioactive carbon
urease (h pylori) turns it into NH3 and CO2
breath out radioactive CO2
106
Achalasia is a _______ disease
progressive
107
what digests proteins
pepsin
108
name 3 things caused by achalasia
(i) decreased peristalsis of esophagus
(ii) loss of tone of GE sphincter in between meals
(iii) decreased relaxation of GE sphincter in response to swallowing
109
how do you diagnose achalasia
barium swallow
Manometry
110
what is a concern for esophageal varices
ruptured veins, tremendous bleeding into GI system
111
how does gravol reduce nausea
reduces activation of vestibular/emetic centers via histaminergic neural pathways
112
what is fundal chronic gastritis
body makes antibodies to parietal/ gastric cells or intrinsic facts
113
What causes angular chelitis
B12 vitamin deficiency
114
what is type A and type B chronic gastritis
a - fundal
b - antral
115
who does achalasia affect
older individuals
116
what reaction does urease catalyze
urea -> NH3 and CO2
