..embalming Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What are the different types of embalming chemicals we discussed?
A
vascular (arterial) fluids cavity fluids pre-injection fluids co-injection fluids jaundice fluids hardening compounds preservative powders sealing agents surface applications
2
Q
injected to disinfect, temporarily preserve and restore the dead human body without causing objectionable change in the tissues
A
vascular (arterial) fluids
3
Q
vascular (arterial) fluids are generally classified by what?
A
index
4
Q
the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water; usually given in a percentage
A
index
5
Q
having an index of 28 - 36. Causes a rapid tissue coagulation.Causes a definite degree of firmness, used most often on “special cases.” (Decomposition, edema, outgoing, drowning, etc.)
A
strong (high) index
6
Q
A strong or high index would consist of ____% by weight and ___ % by volume
A
3740
7
Q
having an index of 19 - 27.Sometimes referred to as semi-firming or cosmetic fluid. Active shades of orange or red dye. (Oil based / cosmetic fluid). Results in a moderate firming of tissues. Normal Cases
A
medium (cosmetic arterial fluid)
8
Q
any fluid with an index of 10 - 18. Produces a minimum firmness of tissues.
Infant cases or adults 80 lbs or less
A
weak
9
Q
What are the components of vascular (arterial) fluids?
A
preservative supplementary germicide anticoagulants vehicle perfuming agents, deodorants, or masking agents dyes surfactants modifying agents
10
Q
Chemical which inactivates saprophytic bacteria, render unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition. One of the components of arterial fluids
A
preservative
11
Q
actions of preservative chemicals
A
- Inactivates the chemical group of proteins or amino acids
- Inhibits further decomposition
- Inactivates some enzymes
- Kills some microorganisms – not all
- Destroys odors
12
Q
examples of preservatives
A
aldehydes
alcohol
phenol
13
Q
an example of a preservative: deprived of hydration, its common name is formaldehyde
A
aldehydes
14
Q
produced by the partial oxidation of methanol
A
formaldehyde
15
Q
in its free state, formaldehyde is a _______, it is __________ in water which forms a ________. __________ is the universal solvent. Every solvent has a different ___________ rate
A
gas soluble formula water saturation
16
Q
Characteristic of formaldehyde
A
Colorless gas
Has an irritating and unpleasant odor – pungent
Freely soluble in water
Combines with tissue protein
Is a monoaldehyde (one functional aldehyde group)
17
Q
classified as a dialdehyde (Two functional aldehyde groups) Five carbons rather than one
A
Gluteraldehyde
18
Q
2 types of alcohols (also examples of preservatives)
A
Methyalcohol (methanol or wood alcohol)
Ethyalcohol (ethanol or grain alcohol)
19
Q
an alcohol that has two primary uses - used commercially to manufacture formaldehyde- is also an antipolymerizing agent (ensures it stays in its liquid state)
A
Methyalcohol (methanol or wood alcohol)
20
Q
an example of a preservative: obtained by the distillation of coal tar.- Used as cauterizer to prevent leakage on embalmed bodies- Also, a bleaching agent - inject it do not use as a surface application
A
phenol
21
Q
One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals added for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms
A
Supplementary GERMICIDES
22
Q
Examples of supplementary germicides
A
Glutaraldehyde Quaternary ammonium compounds –
23
Q
better disinfectant used as a supplementary germicide
A
Glutaraldehyde
24
Q
agents that are usually used for disinfection of skin, oral, nasal cavities, and instruments. EXAMPLES: Benzalkonium and Zephrian
A
Quaternary ammonium compounds –
25
Chemicals which retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous (thicker) by natural postmortem processes or prevent adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals. This process is primarily accomplished by breaking down the calcium in the blood and water. One of the components of arterial fluids.- Also known as water conditioners or water softeners.- These chemicals help keep blood in a liquid state
ANTICOAGULANTS
26
Examples of anticoagulants:
Sodium citrate– .
| Sodium salt of EDTA = (Ethylenediaminetetrasodiumacetate) –
27
an example of an anticoagulant: white, odorless, crystalline or granular material is often used for its anticoagulation. This compound inactivates calcium in the blood as well as in the water supply. W/O calcium, blood coagulation does not occur
Sodium citrate
28
an example of an anticoagulant: very effective sequestering or chelating agents, means – they are readily combined with calcium ions to prevent blood coagulation and also to remove hardness chemicals from the water supply.
Sodium salt of EDTA
29
One of the components of arterial fluids. Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids. They must serve as the carrier of the components found in the arterial solution. Alcohols
vehicle
30
most common vehicle
water
31
will also serve as a vehicle. (Tincture solution). Its most common use of as a vehicle would be cavity fluid
alcohol
32
One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant odor.Odorless or fume less chemicals
PERFUMING AGENTS, DEODRANTS OR MASKING AGENTS
33
Examples of perfuming agents (4)
Methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen)
Benzaldehyde (oil of almonds)
Oil of sassafras
Oil of cloves
34
do not eliminate the effects that formaldehyde has on the operator.
Perfuming agents
35
One of the components of arterial fluids Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution and/or tissues.
DYES (coloring agents)
36
dye that will impart a color to the body tissue
Cosmetic dyes (active)
37
dye that will stain the concentrated arterial fluid.
Non-cosmetic dyes (inactive)
38
EXAMPLES OF DYES (3)
Eosin - red
Ponceau red - red
Erythrosine - brown-red tint
39
One of the components of arterial fluids Also called - surface tension reducers, wetting agents, and surface active agents. A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smaller apertures.Used in promoting fluid diffusion.Chemicals in dishwashing detergents that prevent sports on glasses
SURFACTANTS
40
Example of surfactants (wetting agents)
Sulfonate oils - an example is sodium lauryl sulfate (coconut oil)
41
One of the components of arterial fluids. Chemicals added to the embalming solution to deal with varying demands based upon the type of embalming, the environment, and the embalming fluid to be used. Chemicals which control the rate and extent of the embalming operation
MODIFYING AGENTS
42
Two modifying agents used in embalming fluids
Humectants
| Buffers
43
A chemical used as a modifying agent that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture (chemical that helps to control dehydration). Emaciated cases
humectant
44
Chemicals used as humectants are:
Glycerol (glycerin) – thick stuff, member of alcohol family
SorbitolLanolin’s – massage stuff, liquid based.
Glycols – has 2 OH groups – active ingredients in antifreeze
45
Chemicals used as modifying agents that will affect the acid-base balance (pH) within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissue.
buffers
46
Chemicals used as buffers
Borax – reduces the hardening & graying action of formaldehyde.
Citrates
Sodium salt of EDTA
Sodium Phosphates -
47
Formulated to produce maximum disinfection and preservation with a minimum amount of fluid.
cavity fluids
48
Composition of cavity fluid.
Preservatives
Germicides
Vehicle (primarily alcohols)
Perfuming agents
49
Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular solution. These fluids will also help keep the blood in a liquid state.
PRE-INJECTION FLUIDS
50
Components of pre-injection fluids
```
Anticoagulants
Surfactants
Humectants
Vehicle (primarily water)
Water conditioning agents
```
51
_________ fluids do not contain low preservatives
Pre-injection
52
A fluid(s) used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of the vascular (arterial) solution.
CO-INJECTION FLUIDS
53
A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice; usually with a low formaldehyde content
JAUNDICE FLUIDS
54
Components of jaundice fluids:
Bleaching agents
High concentration of dye
Low formaldehyde (HCHO) content
55
A chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb moisture and has a limited amount of disinfection ability in a small amount.
HARDENING COMPOUNDS
56
composition of hardening compounds
Plaster of Paris - dehydrating agent (hardening compound)
Paraformaldehyde - disinfectant
Wood power – dehydrating agent (moisture absorbent)Alum- dehydrating agent
57
A chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of remains. Will help to control maggots and vermin. Usually has a high concentration of preservative - Paraformaldehyde
They do not have the absorbent and drying qualities.
PRESERVATIVE POWDERS
58
Materials used to provide a barrier or seal against any type of leakage of fluid or blood.
SEALING AGENTS
59
types of sealing agents
PowderSprayLiquids
60
Either in a liquid or gel form, used to dry and harden lesions, excisions and cavities.
SURFACE APPLICATIONS
61
aldehyde, alcohols, phenolic compounds
preservatives
62
quaternary ammonium compounds - glutaldehyde –
supplementary germicides
63
10 minutes disinfectant, longer it begins to break down metal.
glutaldehyde
64
water conditioning agents, prevents blood from clotting more
anticoagulants
65
sodium citrate
sodium salt of EDTA
are examples of..
anticoagulants
66
sulfonates sodium lauylsulfate
surfactants or surface active agents
67
eosine ponceau red erythronsine
dyes
68
active dyes are what color?
red orange
69
benzaldehyde - almondolives of clovesoil of sassafrasmethylsalicylate – oil of wintergreen
deodorants – perfuming agents / masking agents
70
dilute substance of other fluids
vehicles
71
any substance that imperils health or life when absorbed into the body
Poison
72
poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or bacteria that is toxic or poisonous to humans
Toxin
73
– Lethal Dose 50%, amount poison necessary to kill 50% or ½ of the group to whom it has been given
LD – 50
74
smallest dose of poison or radiation on record that process death.
MLD – Minimum Lethal Dose
75
liquid used in lip tense, external sealers, primarily used as solvents.
acetones
76
used commercially to manufacture formaldehyde 2 – used as antipolymerizing agent, prevent para formaldehyde solid form of formaldehyde 3 – ethanol used as preservatives, vehicle in cavity fluids.
alcohols
77
halogens – salt formers
alkyl halides
78
used in powder form, added to jaundice fluids as active red dye
amaranth (red dye #2)
79
white crystal solid substance, used as a herbicide; added to preservative powders and hardening compounds
amitrole
80
terminal disinfection used in prep-room, neutralizes formaldehyde (cavity fluid spills), acid to base = salts (urotropin) plus water
ammonia -NH3
81
from a tree it is derived, acts as key tone hazardous chemical
camphor
82
used as a disinfectant / deodorizer air freshener
cresol –lysol
83
light brown powder used as fungicide (used to kill fungus)
dichlorophene
84
colorless liquid used as solvent
diethanol amine
85
colorless OILY liquid used as a solvent
diethyl formamide
86
clear liquid with fruit like odor used as a perfuming agent
ethyl acetate
87
used as anticoagulant in pre-injection with co-injection chemicals used as buffer.
EDTA (Sodium salts)
88
in free state gas, soluble in water, used as preservative
formaldehyde
89
colorless liquid used as solvent . Acidic when less than pH 7. Active ingredient in bee stings and fire ant bites. Substance formed in the decomposition of formaldehyde.
formic acid
90
one of two supplementary germicides. A far superior disinfectant than formaldehyde. Has 5 carbon atoms
glutaraldehyde
91
used as humectants in embalming fluids. (Emicated and dehydrated cases) (Example: antifreeze).
glycols (dihydroxy alcohols)
92
bleaches
hypochlorites
93
gas that can be released if you add Clorox to a formaldehyde spill
Phosgene
94
substance used as a propellant in aerosol spray products
isobutane
95
colorless liquid, similar to acetone that is used as solvent
methyl ethyl ketone
96
used to clean cosmetic brushes
mineral spirits (paint thinner, turpentine)
97
injection to help rebuild where tissue has been lost
. nitrocellulose (tissue builder)
98
colorless liquid used an insecticide chemical, added to preservative powders. (Topical embalming chemicals)
orthodichlorobenzene
99
colorless solid used as a stripping agent (zip strip- furniture stripper)
oxalic acid
100
mold preventative agent. Used in preservative powders
paradichlorobenzene (moth balls)
101
white solid form of formaldehyde. Major preservative used in preservative powders
paraformaldehyde
102
cauterizer to prevent leakage and bleaching agents on hand do it as injection not a cavity pack where applied to skin (rust in color)
phenol / phenolic compounds
103
solid granular powder form, to create a cast of a broken area for restorative work in prep room, primary dehydrating agent used of hardening compounds
Plaster of Paris
104
BBQ gas
propane
105
drying powder, flesh colored or white colored used after application of oil based cosmetics to remove the sheen
quartz (finishing powder)–
106
used as supplementary germicide Benzalkonium Chloride & Zephrian Chloride
quaternary ammonium compounds
107
drying powder – finishing powder
talc
108
colorless liquid used as solvent
toluene
109
When selecting arteries,the considerations and precautions based upon:
1. Accessibility
| 2. Arterial occlusion- hardening of the arteries
110
when considering if an artery is accessible what should be some of the determining factors?
```
Superficial or deep
Surrounding structures
Size (diameter)
Proximity to aorta
Accessibility for drainage from corresponding vein
```
111
Factors governing selection of arteries for injection (9)
1. Age: Infant (descending abdominal aorta) or Adult
2. Weight (corpulence)
3. Disfiguration - scar tissue, arthritis, etc.
4. Disease - cancer, goes hand in hand with disfiguration, etc.
5. Edema - excessive fluids
6. Obstruction - vascular or extravascular
7. Trauma - any type of wound or injury
8. Medico - legal requirements
9. Cause and manner of death
112
Proper technique for raising vessels
1. Shave area if necessary
2. Select instruments and prepare ligature or necessary instruments.
3. Locate place of incision using linear guide.
4. Make incision through skin, superficial fascia and deep fascia.
5. Use blunt dissection through superficial fascia and deep fascia, and adipose tissue.
6. Locate vessels by use of anatomical guide.
7. Clean vessels by blunt dissection and ligate vessels.
8. Make incision in vessel.
113
the most common incision method employed to open the artery or vein. Cut is made from the edge of the vessel to the center of the vessel
Transverse incision
114
an incision made involving cutting at an angle
Diagonal incision
115
this incision is made when embalmer likes to use drain tube in neck
“T” incision
116
this incision is used on a sclerotic artery, because it does the least amount of damage to the walls of this vessel that are already diseased
Wedge incision
117
most popular and common stitch. Y
Baseball
118
the least leak proof of any suture, they form the least prominent ridge. The most common use is on parts of the body that will be seen in an open casket. This is a hidden stitch, within the skin - used on the face.
Intradermal
119
other types of incisions
Whip or roll stitch – illustrated in text book
| Draw stitch
120
Other methods of closing the incision:
Adhesives
| Surgical staples
121
4 types of injections discussed:
One point injection
Split injection/drainage
Multi-point injection
Restricted cervical
122
type of injection where one location is used for both injection and drainage.
One point injection
123
most common sites for one point injections
Common carotid artery/ internal jugular vein
| Femoral artery and vein
124
Injection from one location and drainage from a separate location.
Split injection/drainage
125
Most common site for split injection/drainage
Injection - right femoral arteryDrainage - right internal jugular vein
126
Inject from two or more arteries This procedure ensures better distribution throughout the body.
Multi-point injection
127
Both common carotid arteries are raised.
| Allows the head to be injected separately.
Restricted cervical
128
Used if the embalmer is concerned about distention or swelling of the facial features during the embalming process (car accident, head trauma), or if there is a major restorative art project
Restricted cervical
