.micro Flashcards
(407 cards)
1
Q
scientific study of MO’s and their effect on other living organisms (study of small life).
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Microbiology
2
Q
MO stands for
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Microorganism
3
Q
Classification or naming of all living things
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Taxonomy
4
Q
Ability to exist in either one cell or multi cell form
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DIMORPHISM
5
Q
Study of external structure and form of organism without regard to its function *generally indicated by the genus name of MO
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Morphology
6
Q
white blood cell eating
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Phagocytosis
7
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likelihood disease causes infection to human of MO
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Virulence
8
Q
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY: 1. BACTERIOLOGY – Study of bacteria 2. RICKETTSIOLOGY – Study of Rickettsia (infection usually from bugs or insects) 3. VIROLOGY – Study of viruses (smallest organisms known to man, that cannot be viewed by compound microscope). 4. PROTOZOOLOGY – Study of protozoa (smallest form of animal life – i.e. ameba) 5. MYCOLOGY – Study of fungi or fungus (study of yeasts and mold) *fungi have the ability to exist in one cell or multi-cell form, called DIMORPHISM
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9
Q
Study of bacteria 1. Single cell of M.O.’s in kingdom of monora. 2. Reproduced by binary fission
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BACTERIOLOGY
10
Q
Study of Rickettsia (infection usually from bugs or insects)
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RICKETTSIOLOGY separate family, febrile infections (Named for person discovering it. Sr. Anthony Ricketts). Could run a fever of 107 degrees – Rocky Mountain Spotted fever.
11
Q
Study of viruses (smallest organisms known to man, that cannot be viewed by compound microscope).
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VIROLOGY
12
Q
Study of protozoa (smallest form of animal life)
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PROTOZOOLOGY
13
Q
Study of fungi (plural)or fungus (singular) (study of yeasts and mold)
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MYCOLOGY –
14
Q
fungi have the ability to exist in one cell or multi-cell form, called
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DIMORPHISM
15
Q
Classification of Living Things
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Class – Homo sapiens Highest: Kingdom Keep Phylum Pulling Class Cows Order Out Family From Genus Most important Green Lowest: Species Most important Swamps
16
Q
Genus name always capitalized
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Genus name* It indicates something about the morphology - the external structure or form.* pay honor to an individual
17
Q
the lowest level classification of any living thing.
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species
18
Q
is always in small letters. NEVER CAPITALIZED
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species It usually indicates an infection caused by that microorganismif not usually indicates a lab characteristic
19
Q
If the________ name does not tell us an _______ it caused by that microorganism , it will usually tell us a _____________
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speciesinfectionlaboratory characteristic
20
Q
grows in cluster ( yellow pus)
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staph
21
Q
grows in chains
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strept
22
Q
What percentage of microorganisms are non-pathegentic
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87%
23
Q
What percentage can cause infection to man
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13%
24
Q
bacteria lacks a true nucleous
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prokaryotic
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staph, streptinfections
bacteria
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famous in humans for causing an infection called primary atypical pneumonia. No cell wall, smallest free living organism known to man. (SMALLEST FREE LIVING ORGANISM).
mycoplasmas
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febrile infections, mostly spread by insects, e.g., typhus fever. The infection accompanying these is high fever and last a longer period of time. Flea born or rat, also transmitted by louse or lice. (Sir Anthony Ricketts).
Rickettsia
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Strict parasite, smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses. Transmitted by seedling birds. Parrot fever, NGU – non gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia - parrot fever, NGU
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smallest microorganism known to man. Measles, mumps, flu, hepatitis
viruses
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smallest form of animal life malaria, amebic dysentery
protozoa
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a small protein like infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Syndrome – set of signs associated with disease.
Prion - creutzfeldt - Jakob (referred to as CJ)
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Of the eight (8) different families or groups of microorganisms that are a major health importance, which cause the greatest majority of infection in man
bacteria
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8 different families or groups of microorganisms
1.Bacteria - staph, strept. Infection. Prokaryotic – bacteria lacks a true nucleous.2. Mycoplasmas - famous in humans for causing an infection called primary atypical pneumonia. No cell wall, smallest free living organism known to man. (SMALLEST FREE LIVING ORGANISM). 3. Rickettsia - febrile infections mostly spread by insects, e.g., typhus fever. The infection accompanying these is high fever and last a longer period of time. Flea born or rat, also transmitted by louse or lice. (Sr. Anthony Ricketts).4. Chlamydia - parrot fever, NGU. Strict parasite, smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses. Transmitted by seedling birds. NGU – non gonococcal urethritis 5. Viruses - smallest microorganism known to man. Measles, mumps, flu, hepatitis, smallpox.6. Protozoa - smallest form of animal life - malaria, amebic dysentery.7. Fungi - yeast and molds; athlete’s foot, thrush, PCP.Ability to exist in more than one form – unicellular or multicellular8. Prion - creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) a small protein like infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids.
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What does non pathogenic mean?
do not cause infection in humans
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study of external structure and form of any organism without regard to its function.
morphology
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largest unit of measurement
micron
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smallest unit of measurement
angstrom
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medium unit of measurement
nanometer
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How many main shapes of bacteria are there?
3
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a single spherical (round) shaped bacteria.
Spherical (round) coccus Cocci-two or more spherical (round) shaped bacteria.
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a single rod (capsule) shaped bacteria.
Rod (capsule) bacillus Bacilli - two or more rod (capsule) shaped bacteria
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a single spiral shaped bacteria.
Spiral - spirillum Spirilla two or more spiral bacteria
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comma shaped bacteria
Vibrio Example of disease: Cholera
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S curved or autopsy needle shaped. Also, snake shaped bacteria
Spirillum
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corkscrew shaped bacteria
Spirochete Example: Syphilis
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grow in pairs - a variation of round shaped bacteria
Diplococci
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grows in clusters of round shaped bacteria - like grapes
Staphylococci
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grow together in chains
Steptobacilli
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the outermost layer which gives shape and integrity (strength) to bacteria; its makeup used to differ among microorganisms; e.g. high lipid (fat) for TB; protein in Gram stain (blue if yes, red if no). This test shows if there is protein in the bacteria of TB
cell wall
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a thinner, inner layer; controls entry and exit into the bacteria. Regulate entry / exit of food
cell membrane
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any living substance present in the cell
cytoplasm
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always located on the outside of certain bacteria it protects cells from phagocytosis. This Jelly like material is located around the outside of certain bacteria.. It protects it against a natural process of the body, phagocytosis, by which the body attempts to destroy anything foreign
capsule (slime layer)
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when the body attempts to destroy anything foreign, this is known as
phagocytosis
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surrounds, ingests and destroys anything foreign. A natural process which your body attempts to accomplish. An attempt to try to protect your body against anything foreign. Thus any organism that invades your body and has a slime capsule is more likely to cause infection because of the slime structure. It will take the bodies white blood cells longer to defend against the organism.
phagocytosiscell ingestion
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the likelihood an organism will cause infection in man. Relative power to produce a disease.
virulence
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jelly-like material located on outside of certain bacteria; protects cells from natural process of body called phagocytosis, thus enhancing virulence of the microorganisms
capsule(slime layer)
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best means of protection any microorganism can possess; NOT a means of reproduction; only one per cell, when formed; Bacillus and Clostridium are the only two bacteria that could form spores.
Endospore - (Inside)
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only two genera that could form spores
Bacillus and Clostridium
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aerobic - grows in the presence of oxygen
Bacillus
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anaerobic - grows without the presence of oxygen.
Clostridium
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NOTE: only genus to be able to form spores
--
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any bacteria that could never form endospores, or any bacteria that can produce endospores, but currently is not producing them. Never form endospores, a vegetative bacteria that does not have a genus name
vegetative bacteria
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any bacteria currently producing endospores. This occurs only under adverse living conditions of the bacteria. Never more than one spore at a time.
sporulating bacteria
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when a free endospore forms new vegetative cells when good living conditions return
germinating bacteria
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used for movement of bacteria; long, whip like structures attached to the outside of the cell. There are many variations as to how many and where they are located. (e.g. monotrichous and peritrichous) Move to another food source or away from the enemy.
flagella
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One (long single) whip like structure
Monotrichous
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Several whip like structures
Peritrichous
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Smallest form of animal life
Protozoa
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shorter than Flagella and used to aid in attachment of an organism to the site of infection; e.g. Gonorrhea.
Pili “Little Hairs”
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set of signs associated with disease.
syndrome
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The presence of a _______ will enhance the likelihood the bacteria will cause infection.
slime layer
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name three heterotrophic bacteria
strict (obligate) saprophytes
strict (obligate) parasites
faculatative bacteria
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all bacteria - pathogens are so classified and must have a source of carbon. Bacteria that obtain their food from INORGANIC matter. They manufacture their own carbon
autotrophic bacteria
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all organisms that cause infection in man are classified as heterotrophic and obtain their food from ORGANIC matter - food that contains carbon. Humans contain carbon - glucose
heterotrophic bacteria
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a VISIBLE growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium
bacterial colony
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the material you attempt to grow bacteria
medium
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to grow in a laboratory setting bacteria in a medium of nutrient, broth, or blood agar.
culture
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any organism that must have presence of oxygen to live.
strict (obligate) aerobes
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organisms that must have absence of oxygen to live
strict (obligate) anaerobes
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organisms that live in the presence of oxygen, but at a level less than that required of humans
microaerophiles
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organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
facultative bacteria
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excess of water
edema
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loss of water
dehydration
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percentage of HYDROGEN (H) ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens
pH
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a pH above 7 is
alkaline
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a pH below 7 is
acidic
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the smallest microorganism known to man that cannot be seen with the ordinary compound light microscope
virus
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smallest FREE LIVING organism known to man
mycoplasmas
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NOTE: In regards to the shape of bacteria... if there are two or more the answer ends with a vowel
example:coccibacillispirilla
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smallest form of animal life
protozoa
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True or False?Viruses CANNOT live alone?
True
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True or False?Chlamydia is SMALLER than bacteria, but LARGER than viruses
True
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Measles, mumps, flu, and hepatitis are examples of what?
Viruses
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Malaria and amebic dysentery are examples of what?
Protozoa
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the lowest temperature at which an organism can live
minimum temperature
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the highest temperature at which an organism can live.
maximum temperature
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the temperature at which organism grows best.
optimum temperature
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organisms that grow best at cold temperature. Usually below 20 degrees Celsius or less than 68 degrees Fahrenheit
Psychrophiles (cryophiles) (CHRO- CRY- COLD)
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most pathogens - bacteria that prefer medium temperature. Usually between 20 - 40 degrees C. The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of 98.6 F or 37 C. When the body temperature goes up (fever) it does so to kill the organism.
Mesophiles (MESO MEDIUM)
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helps to kill most pathogens that like medium temperature.
fever
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The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of
98.6 F or 37 C.
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organisms that grow best at warm temperatures. Usually above 40 degrees C
thermophiles(THINK THERMAL UNDERWEAR TO WARM UP OR A THERMOS OF HOT COFFEE)
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ultraviolet means
above violet
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ultra violet light is bactericidal which means what?
will kill bacteria but will not kill all organisms because over a period of time organisms exposed to excessive amounts of ultra violet light will genetically mutate and develop resistance.
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Ultraviolet light which ___________ be seen will ______ bacteria
cannotkill
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Deals primarily with solutions. deals with something you cannot see without a microscope.
Osmotic Pressure (Osmosis- diffusion through membranes)
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the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in greater quantity
solvent
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the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in lesser quantity
solute
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name the different osmotic pressure
Isotonic solutionsHypertonic solutions Hypotonic solutions
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is the type of Osmotic Pressure necessary to properly study bacterial cells and red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape, and volumethe number of particles entering the cell roughly equals the number of particles leaving. The shape and integrity of the cell is maintained
Isotonic Solution
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excess solute. If a bacteria is placed in this type of solution it changes the shape of the cell. There will be more particles leaving than entering. The end result – the cell will atrophy
hypertonic solution
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to wrinkle or shrink
atrophy
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the shrinkage of a bacterial cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
plasmolysis
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the shrinkage of a red blood cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
crenation
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beneath or below - less solute than normal. If a bacteria cell is placed in this solution, more particles will enter the cell than leave
hypotonic solution
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The bursting of a bacterial cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
plasmoptysis(MOP) mop below the counter surface
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The bursting of a red blood cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
hemolysis
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living organisms living together
symbiosis
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relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to all involved
mutualism
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relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to one w/ no effect to the other e.g. normal flora (living in on the human body)
commensalism
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relationship between two or more organisms which is of benefit to one, harmful to the other.
parasitism
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a relationship between two or more organisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone. Both parties have to do their part.
synergism
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a relationship between two or more organisms in which the presence of one inhibits or prevents the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action.
antagonism
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entry establishment & multiplication of pathogens within a host. Any disease caused by a microorganism
infection
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the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced.
contamination
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the ability of an organism to cause infection in man.
Pathogenicity
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True or FalseA great number of pathogenicites are not infectious
True
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relative to produce disease, the likelihood that the pathogenic organism will cause infection in man.
virulence
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a dilution or weakening in the virulence of an organism. This will reduce or destroy its pathogenicity.
attenuation
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micro-organisms naturally living in and on a host. Present on both dead and living bodies - the reason for disinfecting during embalming.
Indigenous flora - (normal flora)
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resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs. Bacterial having developed a resistance to a drug.
drug-fast
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An infection in which the causative agent (organism) comes from outside the body. Could come from on the body or from the air
exogenous infection
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An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body.
endogenous infection
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An infection of sudden onset and short duration, less than one year. Examples: Meningococcemia - Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
acute infection
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A fatal form of blood poisoning
Meningococcemia
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early form of Alzheimer
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
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An infection of slow onset and long duration. Greater than a year. Example: Alzheimer
chronic infection
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An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Host could be a person or animal
communicable infection
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means highly communicable. The likelihood that the transmission to others will occur is greater
contagious
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are antagonism to another organism.
antibiotics
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An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community Examples: cold and flu
endemic
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an infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time
epidemic infection
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Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same timeExample: Flu of 1919 20 million died
pandemic infection
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An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community.
sporadic infection
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The initial (first) infection of a mixed infection. The first of two infections
primary infection
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An infection due to (caused by) two or more organisms. When a person or animal is suffering from two or more infections at the same time.
mixed infection
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The second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection. * is usually more lethal.
secondary infection
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An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area. Examples: Abscessed tooth
local infection
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An infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body. An infection spreads
focal infection
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Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood
general infection
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A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream, but are not multiplying there. Presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
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Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms, with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning.”
Septicemia
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the presence of an organism in the blood.
sepsis
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The presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood.
toxemia
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An infection, which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and cause death.
terminal infection
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The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects
contamination
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inanimate objects. Seen only with a microscope
fomite
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The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites, i.e., those able to be seen with the unaided eye. Maggots
infestation
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unaided eye to see the infestation
macroscopic
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The ability (or likelihood) of a microorganism to produce disease.
virulence
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implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.
attenuation
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An infection primarily of animals that may be secondarily transmitted to man
zoonatic
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- inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
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caused by mosquitoes
Encephalitis and Malaria
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mosquitoes biting migratory birds
encephalitis
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mosquitoes biting monkeys
malaria
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A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital. Staph. (Staff)
Nosocomial
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Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. Puss in the blood. Staph. Strept
pyemia
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An infection which causes a fever (elevated temperature).
pyremia
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A sudden, severe, and overwhelming infection, such as spinal meningitis.
fulminating
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Infection throughout the body, having been spread by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood
generalized infection
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A seemingly inactive infection; it is apparently held in check by the body’s defense, but may spread when the body resistance is reduced.Cold sores, Syphilis. They go away but are not dead. In the case of syphilis the disease has gone to the second stage.
latent infection
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An infection in which the clinical symptoms are not recognized or immediately detectable. TB
inapparent infection
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An infection in which all the symptoms are easily recognized. Rubella (German measles), Mumps
typical infection
175
An infection in which all the symptoms are not easily recognizable, meaning that it could be confused with another infection. Not typical - TB. Complaint of one problem Intestinal pain and find out it is TB of the intestines
atypical infection
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Any microorganism that causes disease in man
pathogen
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Any microorganism that does not cause disease in man.
non-pathogen
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types of pathogens
normal floraopportunistsstrict (obligate) pathogens
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Microorganisms that live and grow in and on the human body. Most are non-pathogens. Indigenous
normal flora
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Microorganisms that produce infection only under especially favorable conditions, that is, they await the right opportunity to cause infection. Pathogens contained in a person’s normal flora are usually these, since they alone cannot penetrate unbroken skin.
opportunists
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Microorganisms that will cause an infection in man every time that a person is exposed to them. They are never a part of one’s normal flora. A must behavior Example: Strept throat
strict (obligate) pathogens
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factors influencing virulence
toxin productionenzymescapsulesendospores
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Poison substance
toxin production
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Poison substance produced all the time and continuously released to the outside of certain bacteria; e.g. Tetanus, Cholera
exotoxins
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Poison substance only released when the cell producing the bacteria is destroyed; e.g.: Spinal Meningitis.The ability of the bacteria to release a poison when the white blood cells of the body kills the bacteria
endotoxins
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substances, which speed up the rate of a chemical reaction, without being used up or destroyed in the process
enzyme(organic catalyst)
187
an enzyme that helps spread bacteria. Increase the bacteria’s ability to spread to other parts of the body
Hyaluronidase (Spreading factor)
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an enzyme that clots human plasma.
coagulase
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the liquid portion of non-clotted human blood.
plasma
190
an enzymes that dissolves blood clots. Especially if the clot has caused MI (heart attack). Persons having a heart attack or stroke caused by a blood clot would receive this enzyme to prevent other blood clots.
Fibrinolysin (steptokinase)
191
jelly like material located on the outside of certain bacteria.
capsules (slime layer)
192
The presence of the slime layer will:
Enhances the bacteria’s virulence. andProtects the organism from phagocytosis
193
cell ingestion
phagocytosis
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the best protection an organism can possess is the ability to produce spores.
endospores
195
A person or animal that possess an organism after recovery from the infection it causes. The greatest risk of spreading an infection is immediately after recovery
active carrier of infection
196
A person or animal that has a particular organism, even though they have never suffered from the infection it causes, and passes it along to anotherExample: Typhoid Mary.
passive carrier infection
197
sources of infection
A person or animal currently ill of the infection.orChronic animal or human carriers
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an animal or person that possesses an organism and transmits to someone else during recovery from the infection it causes
convalescent carrier of infection
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outside environments
environment
200
modes of transmission of infections
direct transmissionindirect transmission
201
types of direct transmission of infections
physical contact (sexually transmitted disease)droplet infection (aerosol- sneezing)congenital- rubella (German measles) contacted during pregnancy from mother to child
202
types of indirect transmission of infections
a. Food poisoning (could taste fine at time of eating) b. Milk (bovine strain of TB) c. Fomites - lifeless inanimate objects - doorknobs, money, trocars, toilet seats, etc. d. Water (water signs – approved: Dept. of Health) e. Soil - tetanus or lock jaw. f. Vectors - an animal usually an insect that is serving as an indirect mode of transmission.
203
portals of entry and exit of pathogens
1. Skin and mucous membranes - staph. These organisms are living on your skin and are opportunistic and invades the body through a cut. The skin is the largest organ of the body (liver the largest organ in the body) 2. Respiratory tract - TB, pneumonia (infection of lung tissue itself) 3. Digestive tract - cholera, loss of 10quarts of water per day), dysentery 4. Genito - urinary tract (gut) - STD’s (sexually transmitted disease’s) 5. Placenta - rubella (German measles) transmitted from mother via the placenta into developing infant. Rubella always means German measles. (we would prefer a mother to be sick with 10 day measles so as not to be sick with this)
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vehicles of exit pathogens
fecesurinesemenvaginal secretionssputumsalivabloodpus and lesion exudatestears
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Waste product from the digestive tract - dysentery, cholera extremely watery stool
feces
206
a substance made of a combination of saliva and mucus brought up from the respiratory tract.
sputum(phlegm)
207
produced by three sets of salivary glands. Vehicle of exit of disease spread to humanscytomegalovirus (CID) rabies
saliva (spit)
208
a vehicle for exit of disease spread to humans. Example: hepatitis A & B
blood
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A vehicle of exit of disease to humans; consists of both dead and living pus and blood. Examples: abscesses, decubitus ulcers – bed sores
Pus and lesion exudates
210
contain enzymes that kill bacteria
tears
211
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF AN INFECTION:
1. Portal of entry of the pathogens and elective localization – when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called “elective localization.”2. Number of organisms - the more in number of an organism, the more likely you will be infected.3. Virulence of the organism - the likelihood an organism will cause infection in humans.(measuring how likely it is to cause infection.) Example: 1918 Flu – they died.4. Resistance of the host - having a good immune system. Good resistance to the organism. (Deals with immune ty of the host). Opportunistic or secondary infection. Health or illness = N (V) R N - number of organisms V - virulence of the organism R - resistance N x V divided by - R
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when an organism chooses to restrict itself to a particular area or region of the body this is called
localization
213
inhibits microorganisms from entering the body.
Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical)
214
anatomical barriers
skin mucous membranes - soft moist tissue side the nose, ear, mouth, and eyes. Bony encasements - skull, ribcage.
215
- the bodies total response to an injury.
inflammation
216
an agent that causes the body temperature to risethe substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. may come from within or from outside the body.
pyrogens
217
(white blood cells) scavengers - large cell ingestors like packman.
phagocytosis
218
enzymes present in tears which kill bacteria
lysozyme
219
(HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria.
gastric juice
220
chemical defenses (body secretions)
lysozymesand gastric juices
221
Specific protein produced within the body in response to a specific foreign protein or bacteria
antibodies
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virus neutralizing - a substance produced by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination.
interferon
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Another name for antibodies is
immunogoblin (Ig).
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The study of immunity.
Immunology
225
what is the ph of the human body?
7.4-7.5
226
most bacteria reproduce by what
binary fission (simple transverse division)
227
a must behavior- a bacteria that must obtain its food from dead organic matter
strict (obligate) saprophytes
228
Heterotrophic that must obtain their food from living organic matter
strict (obligate) parasites
229
Heterotrophic bacteria that can obtain their food from dead or living organic matter
facultative bacteria
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types of defenses of the body against infection
mechanical, physiological, chemical
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functional defenses of the body against infection
physiological defenses
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types of physiological defenses of the body against infection
inflammation, fever, phagocytosis
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the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. They may come from within or from outside the body. They are literally an agent that causes the body temperature to rise
pyrogens
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(white blood cells) scavengers - cell ingestion like pac man.
phagocytosis
235
specific chemical substances found within the body that protect us from infection
chemical defense
236
useful substance (glands).
body secretions
237
Specific proteins produced by the body in response to a specific foreign protein (antigen) or bacteria
antibodies
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trigger production of antibodes
antigens
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medical name for antibodies chemical defense against infection.
Immunoglobulins (Ig)
240
virus neutralizing substance produced individually by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination
interferon
241
glycoprotein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen. Once formed in the body, it will remain forever. It may decrease over the years. Another name is immunogoblin (Ig). They are classified as chemical defenses against specific infection in the body
antibodies
242
The study of immunity
immunology
243
a highly developed state of resistance of the body in response to a specific infection or disease.
immunity
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the absence or suppression of factors responsible for development of immunity.
Susceptibility
245
Characteristics of Antigen
very specific; true. A true antibody is a substance produced by the body and has bivalent receptor sites (two ends) and only formed in response to antigens. A true antibody will have bivalent receptor sites; if incomplete, (only one end) an allergic reaction can occur
246
kinds of immunity
Natural (innate) immunity Acquired immunity
247
type of immunity that is inborn (at conception, not birth)
natural (innate) immunity
248
three types of natural (innate) immunity
racialspeciesindividual- interferon
249
A type of natural immunity where a particular race is predisposed to a disease
racial immunity
250
Red Blood Cells are not round but look like a sickle, absence or lack blood
sickle cell anemia
251
distemper non-human disease
species
252
obtained immunity through the natural life process (not born with)
acquired immunity
253
type of immunity- natural life process. The body was actively involved in producing antibodies.
naturally acquired immunity
254
The body was actively involved in producing antibodies. Having a disease and recovering from it since you didn't die from the disease
Naturally acquired Active immunity
255
naturally . The body was not directly involved in producing antibodies
Naturally acquired Passive immunity
256
types of Naturally acquired Passive immunity
colostrumbreast milkplacental transfer
257
not obtained through the natural life process but by a shot or immunization.
artificially acquired immunity
258
artificially acquired active; given when healthy to build up immunity against the infectionsExample DPT
vaccine
259
artifically acquired active; poisonous substances that have been modified in the laboratory setting and used to convey immunity by shot or vaccine
toxoids
260
Active immunity _______ than passive immunity, however, it is _________ established. The immunity established would never be formed in the body without _______________
lasts longermore slowlythe vaccination
261
a weakened active strain, live or dead (flu shot)
attenuated strain
262
not sure how to make this a card. I don't really know how it goes with the artificially acquired active
Live or dead microorganisms, extracts (PPD) - purified protein derivative, the TB skin test
263
Conveyed by artificial means instantaneously through a pre-formed antibody. Last the shortest time -7- 10 days
artificially acquired passive immunity
264
examples of artificially acquired passive immunity
immune serum, antiserum, gamma globulin.
265
level of controls of microrganisms
sterilizationdisinfectionantisepsis
266
process of completely removing and destroying ALL LIFE FORMS and their products (endospores and exotoxins) in or on a substance
sterilization
267
the process of destruction of ALL PATHOGENIC organism (infectious agents) from an object through physical or chemical means
disinfection
268
literally means against the presence of microorganisms - the prevention of growth of microorganisms, without necessarily killing them. [By preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative organisms.]
antisepsis
269
the agent to achieve antisepsis. It does not kill a germs but prevents its growth and multiplication
antiseptic
270
physical methods of control of microorganisms
Scrubbing Heat - . (1) Incineration (2) Dry heat - (3) Moist heat Cold temperatures Ultraviolet light (UV)
271
The actual mechanical method of moving hands with a soft scrub brush and using a disinfectant soap.
scrubbing
272
most common physical method of control of microorganisms
heat
273
three types of heat methods of control of microorganisms
incinerationdry heat moist heat
274
Burning / Flaming as a lab technique.
incineration
275
Convection oven
dry heat
276
three types of moist heat
Boiling - liquid state to gaseous state.Free-flowing steamSteam under pressure: autoclave
277
The best method; chemical or physical to achieve true sterilization
steam under pressure: autoclave
278
Name the constant temperature, standard pressure, and standard exposure time for autoclave
Standard temperature: 121 degrees C – 250 degrees FStandard pressure: 15 lbs.Standard exposure time: 15 minutes*15lbs @ 121 degrees for 15 minutesIf constant for temperature, pressure, and time, all forms of life known to man will be killed.
279
_________ will ______ down the rate of decomposition. This is achieved because it __________ moisture.
Refrigerationslowremoves
280
means above violet, it is bactericidal, which means it will kill most bacteria. Bacteria, however, will build up an immunity to it
ultra violet light
281
chemical methods to control microrganisms
Disinfectants
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Chemical agents used to disinfect. Substances which rid pathogens on objects.
disinfectants
283
Chemical disinfectant that kills a wide variety of germs or pathogens (microorganisms).
germicide
284
Chemical disinfectants which kill bacteria.
bactericide
285
Chemical disinfectants which kill fungi, yeast, moles, and fungus, i.e., athlete’s foot and ringworm’s.
fungicide
286
Chemical disinfectants which kill virus.
viricide
287
Chemical disinfectants used to kill insects. Vectors
insecticides
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Chemical disinfectants used to kill larva of insects.
larvacide
289
Factors influencing the action of disinfectants (8)
(1) Nature of the disinfectant - fit the disinfectant to the problem.(2) Concentration of the disinfectant, as you increase the concentration, you increase the disinfectant’s ability.(3) Nature of the material to be disinfected.(4) Number of microorganisms present.(5) Kind of microorganism present i.e., if a germ uses a germicide.(6) Time of exposure to disinfectant - if you increase exposure time, you will increase the disinfectant’s quality.(7) Temperature of disinfectant during exposure. If you increase the water temperature, the disinfectant will be diluted into, you will increase the effectiveness.(8) pH of disinfectant during exposure.
290
Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures
Halogens AlcoholsAldehydes Phenolic compounds Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats)
291
types of halogens or salt formers (2)
Hypochlorites Iodophors
292
(bleaches) e.g.: NAOCL - household bleach. Standard solution is 1:10 dilution; standard external disinfectant per CDC (Center for Disease Control).
hydrochlorites
293
iodine; betadine (rust or yellow color) contains iodine.
iodophors
294
types of alcohols
Ethyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol
295
use grain to produce and the only alcohol fit for human consumption
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
296
rubbing alcohol - Disinfectant
isopropyl alcohol
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alcohol deprived of hydrogen
Aldehydes
298
types of aldehydes
Formalin Glutaraldehyde
299
(Formaldehyde solution) mixture of formaldehyde gas and water. Compare strength using an index.
formalin
300
2% as Cidex. A better disinfectant than formalin (formaldehyde) but not as good as a preservative.
Glutaraldehyde
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the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in a 100 milliliter of solution. Also represent percentage of formaldehyde within that product or container.
index
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The highest index used in embalming is _____ The saturation point is (what percentage) by weight - (what percentage) by volume.
36 index.37%40%
303
is 8 to 10 grams - the lowest index used in embalming.
jaundice
304
disinfectants based on the chemical phenol
Phenolic compounds
305
types of phenolic compounds
Phenol Cresol Hexachlorophene
306
(carbolic acid) - it is acidic in terms of pH.(1) Used as a cauterizer - to sear off or prevent leakage from tissue.(2) Used as a bleaching agent
phenol
307
a member of the phenolic compound. It's household name is Lysol
Cresol
308
a phenolic compound which is a topical disinfectant
hexachlorophene
309
also called quats
Quatenary ammonium compounds
310
examples of chemicals used as a quartenary ammonium compounds
Benzalkonium Chloride Zephrian Chloride
311
german measles
naturally acquired active
312
anti serum
artificially acquired passive
313
tetanus toxoid
artificially acquired active
314
transfer of placental antibodies
naturally acquired passive
315
colostrum
naturally acquired passive
316
immunization
artificially acquired active
317
gamma globin
artificially acquired passive
318
lobar pneumonia
naturally acquired active
319
vaccination
artificially acquired active
320
immune system
artificially acquired passive
321
(pus formers) round shaped and produce pus. They are ALL gram POSITIVE bacteria.
Pyogenic cocci
322
the ability of an organism to cause infection in man
Pathogenicity
323
round shaped cluster bacteria / golden in color
Staphylococcus aureus
324
Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus
Skin abscesses Food intoxication Secondary infections Nosocomial (“staph”) infections- Toxic shock syndrome
325
a well-defined localized collection of pus. Visually seen on the surface of the skin. Would include: Acne (black heads, white heads), zits, impetigo, boils, and abscesses of a hair follicle (carbuncles and furuncles)
Skin abscesses
326
release of a poisonous substance – ptomaine food poisoning - milk, cheese.
Food intoxication
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second and generally more complicated, and potentially more lethal of a mixed infection.
Secondary infections
328
acquired in hospital (often transmitted by the hospital STAFF) - most famous secondary infection
Nosocomial (“staph”) infections
329
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
1. Round-shaped 2. Grows in clusters 3. Produces a golden pigment in laboratory 4. Opportunists in normal flora (living on skin) 5. Abscess - typical lesion - the color of the pus is a yellow color 6. Gram (stain) positive and would appear blue 7. Exotoxins -Poison substance produced and released all the time and continuously to the outside of certain bacteria; .e.g.: Tetanus, Cholera
330
Portal of entry Staphylococcus aureus
broken skin; (staph attempts to invade deeper tissues)
331
Portal of exit Staphylococcus aureus
pus with living bacteria
332
Mode of transportation (Staphylococcus aureus)
Direct, person-to-person (physical contact)
333
round shaped bacteria that grows in chains
Streptococcus pyogenes
334
Pathogenicity of Streptococcus pyogenes
Septic sore throat Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever Puerperal sepsis
335
septic sore throat
strept throat
336
appearance of body scarlet strawberry tongue
scarlet fever
337
Aschoff bodies is the scar tissue which forms in the body of a patient who has recovered from this type of infection. It is usually on the heart valves and later will cause problems.
Rheumatic fever
338
(child bed fever) occurs within the first six weeks following child birth in the mother, not the child.
Puerperal sepsis
339
Characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes
Round shaped bacteriaGrows in chains of round shaped bacteria.Produces pus, as shown by species name.Cellulitis Strict pathogen Gram positive - will stain blue
340
- typical lesion - wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. It appears as a red streak just under the surface of the skin.
Cellulitis
341
Strict pathogen - not in normal flora. If you come in contact, you will be infected
Streptococcus pyogenes
342
Portal of entry of Streptococcus pyogenes
respiratory tract
343
portal of exit of Streptococcus pyogenes
sputum
344
Mode of transportation (Streptococcus pyogenes)
direct person-to-person (droplet) infection or indirect from fomites (contaminated instruments).
345
infection of the lungs
Streptococcus pneumoniae
346
Pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Lobar pneumonia Meningitis Otitis media
347
a type of infection of the lungs confined to one or more lobes of the lung (almost 95% of the cases are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae)
lobar pneumonia
348
inflammation of the brain
meningitis
349
middle ear infection
Otitis media
350
Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Round shaped grows chainsGrows in pairs Commonly called pneumococcus Gram positive, appears blueAlways forms a capsule (slime layer).Normal flora - usually seasonal, winter and spring.
351
round shaped and grows in pairs
diplococcus
352
Commonly called pneumococcus, which generates green pus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
353
Portal of entry and exit Streptococcus pneumoniae
respiratory tract.
354
Mode of transportation Streptococcus pneumonia
Person-to-person droplet infection.
355
5 bacteria names belonging in the round shaped bacteria group
Staphylococcus aureusStreptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pneumococcusNeisseria gonorrheaNeissera meningitis
356
venereal disease, ROUND Shaped
Neisseria gonorrhea
357
Pathogenicity of Neisseria gonorrhea
gonorrhea- . Also causes: Opthalmia neonatorum
358
2nd common STD reported
gonorrhea
359
disease of newborn’s EYES reported in first 30 days of infants. Infants receive 1% silver nitrate to kill this infection.
Opthalmia neonatorum
360
Characteristic of Neisseria gonorrhea
Round shaped bacteriaDiplococcus - coffee bean shaped.Gonococcus- common name of Neisseria gonorrheaPili- little hairs that attach to initial site (urethra)No immunity gained - male usually seeks treatment first.Gram negative - (red)
361
little hair like projections on the outside to aid in attachment to the urethra (initial site of infection).
pili
362
Portal of entry Neisseria gonorrhea
Genital Urinary Tract(GUT)
363
mode of transmission Neisseria gonorrhea
direct person-to-person by means of physical contact
364
besides, Neisseria gonorrhea, this is another round shaped bacteria that is Gram negative
Neisseria meningititis
365
Pathogenicity of Neisseria meningititis
Meningitis (epidemic) meningis Meningococcemia -
366
an infection of the three layer membrane of the brain that attacks the central nervous system
Meningitis (epidemic) meningis
367
a secondary infection of meningitis. It is a fulminating blood poisoning. It is sudden, severe and overwhelming
Meningococcemia
368
Characteristics of Neisseria meningititis
Round shapedDiplococcusMeningococcusGram negative and appear red in the gram stain.Especially favors the nasopharynx.Endotoxin - a poisonous substance only released with the cell producing it is destroyed.
369
Portal of entry and exit Neisseria meningititis
respiratory tract
370
Mode of transmission Neisseria meningititis
direct (droplet) person-to-person transmission.
371
rod shaped bacteria of the small or large intestinal tract
Enteric bacilli
372
rod shaped bacteria - causes typhoid fever and infection of the intestinal tract.
Salmonella typhi
373
causes food infection. The food has the bacteria growing within the food itself. Found in foods of hogs, horses, fowl, turtles, oysters. Gram negative
Salmonellosis
374
Characteristic of Salmonella enteriditis
Rod shaped Gram negative and appears red. Not (Never) part of the normal flora.
375
Portal of entry of Salmonella enteriditis
digestive tract
376
Portal of exit of Salmonella enteriditis
feces
377
Mode of transmission of Salmonella enteriditis
indirect - food, milk, water or indirectly animal - cockroaches, fly’s (mechanical vectors)
378
rod shaped bacteria that causes bacillary dysentery. Gram negative
Shigella species
379
A coliform, bacteria, which causes green discoloration associated with decomposition. Rod shaped. Gram negative
E (Escherichia) coli
380
Medically during life E coli causes this - an inflammation of the small intestine
Enteritis
381
10% and more severe form of lobar pneumonia plus urinary infection tract. Rod shaped. Gram negative
Klebsiella pneumoniae
382
causes secondary infections in burn victims, most motile (movement) of bacilli. Bacteria. rod shaped. Long whip like flagella on all sides. The gram stain (red) negative.
Proteus species
383
(look like a comma) causes Asiatic cholera. Enterotoxin – a poisonous substance released which causes water loss.
Vibrio cholerae
384
Gram positive, (blue), rod shaped bacteria. They grow in the absence of oxygen
anaerobes
385
name the 7 bacteria discussed in the enteric bacilli group
Salmonella typhi Salmonella enteriditis Shigella species E (Escherichia) coli -Klebsiella pheumoniaeProteus speciesVibrio cholerae
386
name the 5 bacteria in the round shaped pyogenic cocci group
Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria gonorrheaNeisseria meningititis
387
name the bacteria in the rod shaped anaerobe group
Clostridium tetaniClostridium bolulinum Clostridium perfringens (welchii) Clostridium difficileBacteroides species
388
Clostridium tetani
A. Pathogenicity 1. Tetanus (lock jaw) continuous muscle contraction - can form endospores.B. Characteristic 1. Produces endospores only under adverse conditions and grow at one end. 2. Exotoxin - neurotoxin - a poisonous substance with an affinity for the nervous system of the muscles of mastication. 3. Causes continuous muscle spasms. 4. Certain amount of necrotic (dead) tissue must be present. 5. Infectious, not communicable. C. Portal of entry - skin. D. Mode of transmission - indirect (soil) no person-to-person transmission
389
causes botulism - Most lethal form of food intoxication (poison) 1 millionth of a gram is the lethal dose to man. 1/2 lb. would kill the world. Prove to develop in home canning especially alkaline vegetables (beans and corn) fortunately heat liable, even though it produces endospores
Clostridium botulinum
390
has the ability to cause three infections in humans.
Clostridium perfringens (welchii)
391
Pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens (welchii)
tissue gasgas gangrenefood intoxication.
392
an infection that only develops after death (post mortem). Most common areas where it will will appear is usually in the extremities.
tissue gas
393
an infection that only develops before death (antemortem).
gas gangrene
394
a minor infection that is a release of poisonous substance
food intoxication
395
Characteristics that influence virulence of organism Clostridium perfringens
Forms endospores- enzymes ferment glucoseExotoxin - enterotoxin in food intoxication.Releases enzymes which eat fibrous protein, thus facilitating the rate of the spreading of the infection - fast spreading.Skin slip and crepitation (cracky, spongy feeling) associated with its infection.Ferments glucose, thus forming gas, which causes the cracky, spongy feeling.Normal flora of the intestinal tract.
396
Portal of entry of Clostridium perfringens
digestive tract for food poisoning otherwise the skin.
397
Mode of transmission Clostridium perfringens
indirect (soil in wounds) or fomites (trocars).
398
If person has ________ in life, be suspicious of _____ ______ at death.
gangrenetissue gas
399
nosocomial infection (Staph infections)Mode of transmission-Fecal oral route
Clostridium difficile
400
causes anaerobic lung absesses and multiple infections. Only one that doesn’t tell you from its name that it will form endospores
Bacteroides species
401
Causes food poisoning in man
Staphylococcus aureus
402
Tells you from species name that it will produce pus
Streptococcus pyogenes
403
Grows in pairs
Streptococcus pheumoniaeNeisseria gonorrhoeaeNeisseria meningitidis
404
Cause middle ear infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae
405
the two bacteria that could cause meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniaeNeisseria meningitidis
406
Round shaped and produce pus
Staphylococcus aureusStreptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pneumoniae
407
Only one that forms endotoxins
Neisseria meningitidis
