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physiology > endo 2, thyroid > Flashcards

endo 2, thyroid Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the thyroid location

A

inferior to the larynx

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2
Q

does the thyroid have a lot ofvasculature

A

yes, lots

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3
Q

what makes up the thyroid gland

A

series of hollow follicles formed by spheres of epithelial cells filled with colloid

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4
Q

where does the apical and basal surfaces of the epithelial layer of the thyroid face

A

apical faces the colloid

Basal faces the blood supply

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5
Q

other name for the epithelial cells of the thyroid

A

Follicle cells

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6
Q

what does the follicle cells do

A

Regulate the production of the iodine containing thyroid hormones

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7
Q

what do thyroid hormones disolve in

A

lipophilic

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8
Q

where is thyroid hormone synthesized in the Thyroid

A

In the coloid

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9
Q

How is Iodine trasported from the interstitial fluid to the follicle cells

A

Across the basal side using an Na/I transporter

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10
Q

how does Iodine get into the colloid from inside the follicle cells

A

Iodine diffuses down its concentration gradient across the apical membrane into the colloid

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11
Q

where does Thyroglobulin come from

A

follicle cells synth

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12
Q

what is thyroglobulin full of

A

Lots of tyrosine’s for thyroid hormones

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13
Q

what also is exocytosed across the cell membrane into the colloid along with thyroglobulin

A

thyroid peroxidase

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14
Q

what is the action of thyroid peroxidase

A

oxidizes Iodine and links it to thyroglobulin

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15
Q

what is the importance of binding iodine to thyroglobulin

A

creates the concentration gradient needed to import Iodine into the colloid

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16
Q

when 1 iodine binds to tyrosine, it forms

A

Monoiodotyrosine

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17
Q

when 2 iodines bind to tyrosine, it forms

A

Diiodotrosine

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18
Q

how is T3 made

A

when a MIT and a DIT combine

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19
Q

how is T4 made

A

when 2 DIT’s form

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20
Q

where is T3 adn T4 stored

A

In the colloid

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21
Q

what leads to secretion of thyroid hormes

A

TSH

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22
Q

what releases TSH

A

Anterior pituitary in response to TRH

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23
Q

what releases TRH

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

where are TSH receptors found

A

In the basal membrane of the follicle cells

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25
secondary action of TSH
increase the synthetic activity of the follicle cells | stimulates hyperplasia
26
what happens when TSH binds to TSH receptor
Droplets of colloid containing Thyroglobulin G+T3/T4 are pinocytosed into the follicle
27
what happens when thyroglobulin bound to T3/T4 is pinocytosed inot the follicle cells
fuses with lysosome containing enzymes that clevae T3 and T4 from Thyroglobulin to be released to the cytoplasm -T3/T4 ultimately diffuse into capillaries and TG is degrated and recycled into new TG
28
how is Secretion of Thyroid hormones regulated
negative feedback at the hypothalamus and pituitary
29
What Thyroid hormone is secreted more
90% of Thyroid hormone is T4
30
what is more biologically active, T3 or T4
T3 is more biologically activated
31
what happens to the T4 considering it isn't very biologically activated
80% is converted to T3 in the liver and kidney
32
what happens when the extraiodine is removed from T4 to make T3
the extra iodide is returned to the colloid
33
why does the body secrete more T4 instead of T3, despite liking T3 more
maximize the concentration gradient for free iodine | -ensures iodine is available from Thyroid hormone synthesis
34
what is the enzyme that converts T4 to T3
Deiodinases
35
where are the receptors for Thyroid hormone
Most are nuclear
36
what are the types of Thyroid hormone receptors
Alpha 1 and 2 | Beta 1 and 2
37
what sepperates type 1 and type 2 and alpha vs beta thyroid hormone recetpors
alpha vs. beta is different genes | 1 vs 2 is alternative splicing
38
when does the body produce alpha or beta thyroid hormone receptor
alpha: during development of target tissue BEta: after birth mostly
39
what happens when Thyroid hormone binds to Thyroid hormone receptors
Binds to DNA and leads to synthesis of Proteins and enzymes
40
what is the action of Unbound Thyroid hormone receptors
bind to DNA to inhibit transcription
41
what is the main effect of Thyroid hormone
Metabolism - increase Na/K ATPase activity - Increase synth of respiratory enzymes - Increase substrate availability - increase cellular heat production - effect mitochondria - increase glucosa absorption - increase glycogenolysis - increase gluconeogenesis - increase lipolysis - increase protein synth and degradation
42
what are the secondary effects of thyroid hormone
- upregulation of Beta-adrenergic receptors to activate the sympathetic nervous system - increase sensitivity to catecholamines in both endo and nervous system - regulate Growth hormone production - helps with CNS function and development - increase cardiac output
43
what effect does Thyroid hormone have on mitochondria
activates the UncouplingUndoes the H+ gradient to create heat due to excess energy
44
what is the most common endocrine disease worldwide
Thyroid disease, most commonly hypothyroidism
45
How prevelent is thyroid disease
2-5% of women | .5% of men
46
what causes thyroid disease
disruption of the feedback mech that controls synth of Thyroid hormone
47
does thyroid disease always cause a big problem
No, most the time its very mild
48
what does an enlarged thyroid often form
A goiter
49
what most often causes hyperthyroidism
Caused by a primary defect in the thyroid gland | - iodine deficiency/damage to the gland (95% of the time)
50
why does a goiter form
Overstimulation of the thyroid gland by TSH
51
how does Iodiine deficiency lead to a goiter
not enought iodine, therefore lack of TH lack of TH: no negative feedback, so lots of TSH and TRH lots of TSH leads to goiter
52
how to reverse iodine deficiencies
iodized salt
53
what is the problems with iodine deficiency during prenatal development
``` Moderate deficiency Cretinism Miscarriage Stillbirth growth/neural development impaired ```
54
besides iodine deficiency, what else causes hypothyroidism
Autoimmune thyoiditis Damage to glad Dysfunction associated with other illness --can't make TH
55
how to treat hypothyroidism
Exogenous TH
56
what are secondary thyroid defect
defects of TRH and TSH synth and release | receptor deficits
57
does the thyroid have a problem in a secondary thyroid defect
Works fine, just not recieving proper stimulation
58
symptoms of hypothyroidism
- abnormal amounts of TH and TSH - Goiter (primary defect) - Cretinism/mental retard if during development - mild: sensitivity to cold, slight weight gain (may be undiagnosed) - moderate: fatigue, reduced bloodflow, changes in skin color, sluggish, Changes in GI motility, mental function
59
causes of moderate hypothyroidism
Reduced Beta-adrenergic receptors
60
what is severe hypothyroidism
Myxedema
61
symptoms of myxedema
Severe bloading due to glycosaminoglycans in the ECF and ICF | - obvious in the face
62
why does SEvere hypothyroidism causes myxdema
Normal Thyroid hormones help to regulate the production of GAGs
63
Other name for Hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
64
why does Hyperthyroidism occur
too much TH
65
primary defects that cause hyperthyroidism
Thyroid tumors that produce TH without regulation of TSH Inflammation of glad for excess TH Graves disease Thyrotoxicosis Facitiia
66
what is Graves disease
Autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism
67
how does Graves disease occur
Antibodies produced against TSH Anti-bodies activate TSH receptor no feedback regulation of thyroid
68
testing for Graves disease
TH concentration high despite TSH and TRH low | More common in own
69
what is Thyrotoxicosis factita
hyperthyroidism from consuming excess thyroid hormone via meds or poorly processed meat
70
secondary defects for hyperthyroidism
Tumors that secrete TSH without feedback of TH
71
symptoms of Hyperthyroism
- high TH and low TSH - Goiter when graves disease from over stimulation of the TSH receptor - heat intolerance - weight loss - increase appetitie - sweating - hypersensitivity of catecholaminergic rersponse = thyroid storm - eye problems (exopthalmy, lid lag, decreased visual acuity
72
treatment of hyperthyroidism
Remove/destroy gland | take extra TH to avoid hyperthyroidism
73
how do you destroy the thyroid gland
Radioactive iodine concentrates in the THyroid gland (also can hurt the salivary glands though)
74
how can drugs can treat hyperthyroidism
inhibit ionidation of TYR block release of TH ameliorate effects of TH in peripheral tissues
75
how can hypothyroidism lead to dental problems
Retarded tooth development and max prognathism extra response to narcotics and barbituates, since inadqueate response from the sympa system myxedma for swellen tongue or lips diminish cardiac and respiratory function due to lack of beat-adrendergic receptor - hypothermia and hypotension
76
how can hyperthyroidism lead to dental probelms
Early eruption of teeth - malocclusion hpersenitiy to drugs (catecholaminergic) Thyroid stome

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