respiration 1

Question 1

Function of respiratory system

Answer 1

O2
Eleimate Co2
Regulat Ph
Speech
Microbial defecence
Activate/inactivate chem messengers in blood
defend against blood clots

Question 2

what is the most critical function of the respiratory system

Answer 2

deliver O2

Question 3

what is the problem with lots of CO2 in the blood

Answer 3

acidic waste product

Question 4

how does the respiratory system provide microbial defense

Answer 4

Epithelial secretion
Lymphoid tissue in tract
Coughing and sneezing reflexes

Question 5

how does the respiratory system defend against blood clots

Answer 5

Small blood clots get trapped in narrow vessels in lungs and are dissolved

Question 6

what are the series of tubes needed to exchange air betwen lungs and environment

Answer 6

Airways

Question 7

what makes up the upper airway

Answer 7

Structures outside the thoracic cavity

• mouth/nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• top of trachea

Question 8

what makes up the conducting zone

Answer 8

thoracic cavity, but no gas exchange occurs

• trachea
• primary bronchi
• sec bronchi
• tertiary bronchioles
• bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles

Question 9

what makes up the trachea and bronchi

Answer 9

cartilaginous rings

mucous glands

Question 10

what makes up the bronchioles

Answer 10

Lose cartilage, glands, smooth muscle

Question 11

what makes up the respiratory zone

Answer 11

Structures where gas exchange occurs

• respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveolar sacs

Question 12

functions of the conducting zone

Answer 12

Branching
Air is warmed and moistening
protection against microbes

Question 13

what is the amount of branching in the conducting zone

Answer 13

1->8 mill tubes

Question 14

what is responsibly for warming and moistening the air in the conducting zone

Answer 14

Heat and water vapor are exchanged with blood in airway walls

Question 15

what does the trachea do to protect against microbes

Answer 15

Goblet cells secrete mucus that traps airborne particles and pathogens

Question 16

what does the eipithelial layer have to protect aginst pathogens

Answer 16

Epithelial cells move mucs up to pharynx to be swallowed or expelled

Question 17

what does the mutation in cystic fibrosis change

Answer 17

Cl- channel changes the amount of Na and Cl secreted across the epithelium into mucus
= less water in mucus, so mucus dry and thick

Question 18

how does cystic fibrosis lead to disease

Answer 18

infectious agents trapped not expelled and airways are obstructed

Question 19

what regulates the airflow in the lungs

Answer 19

Bronchiolar Smooth muscle

Question 20

why are the alveoli well suited for optimizing gas exchange

Answer 20

High surface area
high vascularized
Respiratory surface very thin
low rate of bloodflow provides time for exchnage

Question 21

what provides microbial defense in the respiratory zone

Answer 21

Pulmonary macrophages

Question 22

what are the cells of the alveoli

Answer 22

Type I
Type II
macrophages

Question 23

what is the roll of type I alveoli cels

Answer 23

Epithelium for gas exchange surface

Question 24

what is the roll of type II alveoli cells

Answer 24

Secrete surfactant

Question 25

what is the diameter of the alveolar sacs

Answer 25

.5 micrometers in diameter

Question 26

what is the distance between alveolus and capillary

Answer 26

.2 micrometers

Question 27

polarity of respiratory gases diffuse

Answer 27

small and non-polar

Question 28

solubility of O2 and CO2

Answer 28

CO2=77 mmol/L | O2=2.2mmol/L

Question 29

what must a gas cross to get into blood from the lungs

Answer 29

``` across apical membrane of type I cell Through cytoplasm across basal membrane of Type I cell Across basal almina and underlying connective tissue acoss basal membrande of endo cell through cytoplasm across apical membrane of endo cell plasma ```

Question 30

what must a gas cross to get from blood to the tissue

Answer 30

reverse of how air goes from lungs to blood

Question 31

what surrounds earch lung

Answer 31

a pleural sac made of two layers

Question 32

what adheres to the underside of the thoracic wall and the top of the diaphram

Answer 32

parietal pleua

Question 33

what covers the outer surface of the lung

Answer 33

Visceral pleura

Question 34

what is the pleural sacq

Answer 34

the space between the parietal and visceral pleura

Question 35

how thick is the intrapleural fluid

Answer 35

10-20 micrometers thick

Question 36

what is the physics of ventilation of the lungs

Answer 36

relies on pressure difference

Question 37

what is th flow equation

Answer 37

Flow= difference in Pressure from atm to lung/Resistance

Question 38

what are the relative pressure for inspiration

Answer 38

pressure of alveolus is less than atmosphere

Question 39

what is the relative pressure for expiration

Answer 39

pressure of the alveolus is greater than the atmosphere

Question 40

what causes alveolar pressure to change

Answer 40

response to chnaging volume of the lungs (BOYLE'S law)

Question 41

what are the important pressures used in ventilation

Answer 41

alveolar pressure intrapleural pressure transpulmonary pressure

Question 42

what is intrapleural pressure

Answer 42

the pressure in the fluid of the intrapleural space

Question 43

what is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 43

the difference in pressure between the intrapleural space and the alvelar pressure

Question 44

what muscles are used in inspiration

Answer 44

Contraction of diaphram | external intercostal contraction

Question 45

what muscles are used in expiration

Answer 45

relaxation of diaphram external intercostals relax internal intercostal contract

Question 46

what is the alveolar pressure, atmospheric and intrapleural pressure at rest

Answer 46

alvolar and atm equal | intrapleural below atm

Question 47

why is intrapleural pressue always subatmospheric

Answer 47

Lungs recoil inward | chest wall recoils outward

Question 48

how does intrapleural pressure, transpulmonary and alveolar and atmospheric pressure change during inspiration

Answer 48

Intrapleural becomes more negative transpleural increrases air flows in until alveolar pressure equal atmospheric pressure

Question 49

how does intrapleural pressure, transpulmonary and alveolar and atmospheric pressure change during expiration

Answer 49

intrapleural becomes less negative transpleural decreases air flows out until alveolar and atmospheric pressure are equal

Question 50

what causes a pneumothorax occur

Answer 50

lung or pleural sac is punctured

Question 51

does a pneumothroax happen to one or two lungs

Answer 51

just one lung

Question 52

what causes the pneumothorax to colapse a lung

Answer 52

different pressures no longer exist so lung colapses and chest wall expands