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endocrinology 3 adrenal function Flashcards

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1
Q

how many glands are in the adrenal gland

A

2 distinct glands that come from 1 organ in development

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2
Q

what is the inner and outer part of the adrenal gland

A

Inner: adrenal medulla
Outer: adrenal cortex

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3
Q

what does the adrenal medulla develop from

A

Neural crest cells

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4
Q

what system is the adrenal medulla part of

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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5
Q

what does the adrenal medulla seceret

A

Catecholaminergic hormones

-epinephrine(80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

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6
Q

what does the adrenal cortex develop from

A

Mesothelial cells of the intermediate mesoderm

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7
Q

what is the adrenal cortex part of

A

Endocrine system (not nervous systems

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8
Q

what does the adrenal cortex respond to

A

hormones

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9
Q

what does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Steroid hormones

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10
Q

what part of the adrenal gland is a modified sympa ganglion

A

Adrenal medulla

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11
Q

appart from the adrenal medulla, what else secretes norepinephrine

A

Postganglionic neurons in the SNS

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12
Q

what converts Norepinephrine to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla

A

Phenyl-N-methyltransferease

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13
Q

what has the greatest affinity for epinephrine

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

what has the greatest affinity for norepinephrine

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

what tissues can E and NE bind to

A

organs and tissues not directly innervated by postganglionic neurons
- liver, skeletal muscle and fat

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16
Q

what happens when Epinephrine acts on tissues not directly innervated by postganglionic neurons

A

Increases availability of metabolic fleul

- stimulate lipolysis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

how does the adrenal medulla enhance sympa response

A

release hormones to reach added targets without using neural circuits that can also last longer

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18
Q

zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa: outer
Zona Fasciculata: middle
Zona reticularis: innermost, adacent to medulla

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19
Q

why do the different zones of the adrenal cortex produce different hormones

A

contain different steroidogenic enzymes within the cells

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20
Q

what stimulates most of the steroids to be synth and secreted in the Adrenal cortex

A

ACTH (not aldosterone though)

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21
Q

what hormones does the zona fasciulata make

A

Glucocorticoids:
Cortisol
Corticosterone

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22
Q

what hormones does the zona glomerulosa make

A

Mineralcorticoids:

aldosterone

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23
Q

what hromones does the Zona reticularis makde

A

Sex:
DHEA-s
androstenedione

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24
Q

what kind of steroid is aldosterone

A

Mineralocorticoid

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25
what enzymes are found in the zona fasciulata, to make their hormones
PRegnenolone
26
what enzymes are found and what are lacking in the zona glomerulosa to make aldosterone
Aldosterone synthase | lack: enzymes that convert corticosterone to cortisol or androngens
27
what is the principle action of aldosterone
Stimulate Na and H2O retenion by the kidney | - maintain blood volume and blood pressure
28
what happens to your Pee when your body releases aldosterone
increase in urinary excretion of K and H
29
what is the steps of Aldosterone action on the tubular epithelial cells of the kidney
- aldosterone-receptor complex binds DNA | - Stimulates Synth of proteins to increase Na and H2O reabsorption from tubular fluid back into blood
30
what are the effects of aldosterone
More Na channels in apical membrane More Na-K ATPase in basolateral membrane increased synth of mitochondrial enzymes used in ox phos (electron transport system)
31
how does Na get from the lumen of the tube, backinto the blood
- Na enters the luminal surface of the epithlium via Sodium permease - Na leaves the cell to go to the blood via a Na-K pump
32
what leads to the secretion of aldosterone
``` increase in plasma angiotensin increase in plasma K Decrease in plasma pH sdrop in systeic bo inhibited by increase in Na ```
33
what is angiotensin II
Hormone produced in response to renin
34
what is renin
hormone release by kidney in response to deecrease in Na or BP
35
what is the physiologically important hormone in humans
Clucocorticoids
36
what is the major effect of glucocorticoids
increase metabolic fuel availability for use in tissues
37
what is glucocorticoids effect on the liver
increase in gluconeogenesis
38
what is glucocorticoids effect in muscle
increase proteolysis | decrease glycose uptake
39
what is glucocorticoids effect in fat
Decrease glucose uptake
40
what are the whole body effects of glucocorticoids
increase lipolysis decrease immune and inflammatory response decrease growth and reproductive function
41
what is glucocorticoids effect in blood vessels
action of beta adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle to regulate blood pressure
42
what stimulates synth and secretion of glucocorticoids
ACTH
43
negative feedback given by cortisol
acts on both CRH and ACTH
44
what is the precursor of other sex steroids
DHEA
45
what is the roll of DHEA in circulation
circulating reservoid for conversion in peripheral tissues containing steroidogenic enzymes
46
strength of DHEA
weak androgenic action
47
what does the peripheral concentration of DHEA reflect
overall activity of the adrenal cortex
48
how is androstenedois is synthesized
by enzymatic conversion of DHEA
49
strength of Androstenedoine
stronger androgen than DHEA but weaker than Testosterone
50
what is the roll of Androstenedoine
provides non-gonadal source of test and estradiol
51
when is DHEA imporant as a reproductive steroid
an important source of reproductive steroids prior to puberty and postmenopausal women
52
why are adrenal sex steroids important
``` regulate mood libido hair growth erythropoiesis acne ```
53
what stimulates synth and secretion of adrenal androgens
ACTH (not GnRH and LH)
54
why is the stress response is important
Maintenance of homeostasis and needed for survival allows body to respond to deviations from normal good
55
what is a stress response
Is a response of the stress axis to stressors that stimulate Hypothalamic CRH neurons and inputs to the SNS
56
what is the stress axis
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary adrenal cortex
57
what does SNS activation lead to in the stress response
specific organ responses and increased circulating epinephrin rapid response in s. mucls stimulation and inhibition widespread effects of epinephrine
58
what does activation of the stress axis lead to
increased secretion of cortisol
59
what does the increased secretion of cortisol from the activation of the stress axis lead to
increases the availability of metabolic fuel and other function - inhibits action of insulin
60
response time of SNS activation and Stress axis
SNS: rapid | Stress axis: delayed
61
what are the 3 goals of the stress response
Maintain blood pressure Mobilize and increase availability of metabolic fuel inhibit non-essential function
62
what tends to be the hormones released via human stress
E and NE from adrenal medulla | and cortisol from the adrenal cortex
63
what does the SNS do during stress for quick glucose
Increase hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis
64
what does the SNS help to breakdwon
Breakdown adipose tissue triglycerides
65
what does the SNS do for the heart during stress
increased cardiac function
66
how does the blood change during human stress response due to the SNS
diverts bllood from viscera to skeletal muscles by vasocontrsiction in viscera and vasodilation in skeletal muscles
67
how does the lungs change from stress due to the SNS
increased ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways
68
what does the presence of cortisol during stress do to organic metabolism
- Protein catbolism in bone lymph muscle and elseway - stimulate liver uptake of amino acids and convert to glucose (gluconeogenesis) - maintenace of plasma glucose concetration - stimulate triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release og glycerol and fatty acids in blood
69
what does the presence of cortisol during stress do to the vessels
Enhanced vascular reactivity (increase ability to constrict in response to NE)
70
what part of human stress responds to the damaging influences of stress
Cortisol
71
what part of human stress inhibits inflammation and specific immune response
Cortisol
72
what part of human stress inhibits nonessential functions
Cortisol
73
what happens if cortisol is high for a long time
Can become damaging
74
how long does it take for the catabolic effect of stress to go away
can last long as llong as stresor is present
75
what immunologic effect does cortisol have
Anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects - inhibit cytokines and phagocytosis - block prolieration of white blood cells
76
pros and cons of stopping immunologic effects of cortisol
Conserves energy | damaging if chronic
77
problems with movment of metabolic fuels
leads to atherosclerosis and hypertension
78
what does HSV while having a psychiatric illness lead to
Increased recurrences and duration of outbreaks
79
what does having influenza and family dysfunction lead to
An increased frequency and severity of illness
80
what does hep B plus exams lead to
delayed antibody response to vaccine
81
what is addison's disease
adrenal insufficiency
82
causes of primary insufficiency from addison's disases
Disease Congenital - improper function, missssing enzymes, Autoimmune
83
causes of a secondary insufficiency from addison's disaes
Pituitary problem | Glucocorticoid therapy
84
how an glucocorticoid therapy lead to addison's insufficiency
has feedback effects on CRH and ACTH | - can impair a normal stress response
85
why does secondary insufficiency from addison's disease matter to dentist
Complications with maintaining blood pressure during anethesia, diminished immune and inflammatory response
86
symptoms of adrenal insufficinecy
``` Low cortisol and high ACTH weakness, lethargy , decreased appetite Low blood pressure Low glucose when fasting Hyperpigmentation due to lack of neg feedback control of POMC production ```
87
how do you treat addison's dissorder
exogenous gluccorticoids | dietary control
88
what casues Hypercortisolinemia or cushing's disase
typically a pituitary tumor
89
how to treat hypercortisolinemia/cushing's
removing tumor
90
symptoms of high cortisol
Tissue catbaolism (bone, skin, muscle) Diabetes like symptoms impaired immune hypertension

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