endocrinology Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
what are endocrine organs
A
Glands
2
Q
how do hormones travel
A
In the blood
3
Q
how do target cells impart specificty
A
Via receptor expression
4
Q
how is the endocrine system connected
A
Not connected
5
Q
what are most hormones
A
Peptides (small proteins)
6
Q
types of Peptide hormones
A
Releasing hormones
Insulin
Melatonin
7
Q
variability of peptide hormones
A
Highly variable
8
Q
what determines specificity of pepitide hormones
A
receptors on target cells
9
Q
onset of hormones
A
SLow onset
10
Q
duration of hormones
A
Long duration
11
Q
size of peptide hormones
A
Lots of different sizes
12
Q
what type of peptides are cleared quickly
A
smaller peptide hormones
13
Q
synthesis of Peptide hormes
A
synth begins with transcription then traslation in the RER
Golgi is where it is prepared and packaged
14
Q
What all can peptides act as
A
Neurotransmitters or hormones
15
Q
what is a preprohormone
A
hormone right after the ribsome
16
Q
What is a prohormone
A
From RER with folding to be packaged
17
Q
when does a prohormone become a hormone
A
after final cleaving
18
Q
where often is final cleaving of a prohormone done
A
in the secretory vesicle
19
Q
why is packaging of peptide hormones important
A
Allows large release
also limits the feedback that would otherwise lead it to stop being produced.
20
Q
what are lipid hormones derived from
A
Cholesterol
21
Q
what determines what lipid steroid is produced
A
Enzymes
22
Q
size of lipid hormones
A
Smaller
23
Q
commonness of lipid hormones
A
Less common
24
Q
where are cholesterol hormones gound
A
gonads
Adenyl cortex
Placenta
Vitamin D
25
steps of steroid synthesis
binding to receptor
Adenylyl cyclase activates to make cAMP
activates PKA
PKA phospholates proteins to make phosphoproteins
Phosphoproteins take Lipid Droplets from LDL to make free cholesterol
StAR goes to PBD in michondrium with P450 enzymes on inner membrain
shuttling between SER and MItochondria
Diffusion to blood
26
what takes Androstenedione to make testosterone
17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
27
what takes Testosterone to make Estradiol
Aromatase
28
action of Cholesterol Esteras
Cleaves the ester bond
29
why make Cholesterol ester
makes it water soluble
30
action of StAR
binds to free cholesterol to put it into the mitochondria
31
where is cholesterol converted to steroids
In the mitochondria
32
storage of steroids
cannot be stored because lipid soluble
33
what does 17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do
takes the ketone group in androstenedione to an OH group in testosterone
34
what does Aromatase do
aromatizes testosterone to make estradiol
35
can you undo steps of the steroid biosynthetic path
no, most are unidirectional
36
what happens if their is an enzyme deficiet in the steps of steroid synthesis
bottlenecks and backs up
37
Mineralcorticoid si from what gland
Adenyl cortex
38
Roll of Mineralcorticoids
regulation of glucose
39
what are androgens
regulate male features
40
most common androgen
TEstosterone
41
what are Estrogens
regulate female features
42
most common estrogen
Estradiol
43
what type of hormone are mineralcorticoids
steroid
44
what are amines derived from
Tyrosine
45
what amines are lipid soluble in the thyroid
T3 and T4
46
what are amines in the nervous system
Catcholamines
47
where are catecholimines that are found in the Glads found
Andenyl medula
48
how are catecholamines trasmported
water solublie, so like a peptide
49
what are the catecholamines
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
50
what are Eicosanoids
Lipids dervied from arachidonic acid
51
exams of eicosanoids
Prostaglandins
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
52
where all do eicosanoids act
Mostly local
53
odd place where eicosanoids can be made
in non-endo organs
54
what are leukotrienes
white blood cell made hormones
55
how are hormones secreted
In short bursts from upward signals
| other in a cyclic fashion throughout the day
56
how is LH released
in a burst followed by Testosterone
57
exames of cyclic hormones
Growth hormone high at night
| Cortisol high at the day
58
what can happen to a hormone ocne it circulates in the blood
Excted in urine or poop
Inactivated by metabolism
Binds to receptor on target cell
Activated by metabolsim to bind on target cells
59
what determines the secretion of a hormone
That wich is present in the blood
Neural impact
By another hormone
60
what helps bind lipid proteins in the blood
Binding proteins
61
where are binding proteins synthesized
In the liver
62
Roll of binding proteins
protect hormone from destruction in blood
63
negative of binding proteins
Less likely to bind to target though
64
do peptide and catecholamines enter cells
No, act of membrane proteins
65
G-coupled receptors
Metabotropic
66
ion channel receptors
Ionotropic
67
effect of peptides and catecholamines on the cell
Usually cause change in ions and protein phosphorylation (fast)
can also do gene transcription (Slow)
68
what hormones enter the cell
Steroids Thyroid hormones
69
action of Steroid and thyroid hormones
create a complex that binds to DNA
70
where is the hypothalamus
in the wal of the 3rd ventricle as part of the diencephalon region
in the stella turcica
71
how does the hypothalamus talk to the pituitary
via the infundibulum
72
what does the anterior pituitary come from
The hypophseal pouch off the gut
73
what does the posterior pituitary come from
Neurohypophyseal bud from neuroectoderm
74
what is the bottom of the hypothalmus
Median eminence
75
adenohypothesis is associated with what
the anterior pituitary and Raphke's pouch
76
what does the posterior pituitary secrete
Oxytocin and vasopressin
77
Nuclei for the posterior pituitary
Supraoptic nuclei
| Paraventricular nuclei
78
how does the posterior pituitary release its hormones
Synth in hypothalamus
carried down axon to posterior pituitary
released into blood stream
79
action of Oxytocin
S. muscle contraction
80
action of Vasopressin
REgulate blood Pressure
| decreases urine output
81
how does the anterior pituitary work
neurons synth releasing hormones
Hormones travel down axon
releassing hormones realeased at the median eminence
travel down hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessel
release hormones there now
82
Action of Corticotropin-releasing horone
Stiulates secretion of ACTH
83
Action of Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Stimulates secretion of TSH
84
Action of Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
Stimulates Secretion of GH
85
action of Somatostatin
Inhibits secretion of GH
86
Action of Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
87
action of Dopamine
Inhibits secretion of prolactin
88
axis
PAth of a hormone from first step to getting to its target cells
89
POMC
Pro-opio-Melano-capsin
90
what can POMC be broken down into
lots of different stuff when placed within vesicles
91
what does FSH and LH act on
Gonads to do germ cell development and hormone secretion
92
what does GRowth hormone act on
Liver and otehr cells to secrete IGF-1
| tissues for protein sysnth and carb/lipid metabolism
93
what does TSH act on
Thyoid to secrete thyoxine and triiodothyonine
94
what does Prolactin act on
breasts to make milk
95
what does ACTH act on
ADrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
96
short loop feedback
when hormones from the anterior pituitory feeback to the hypothalmus
97
long loop feedback
when hormones from 3rd endocrine glands provide feedback to the hypothalmus and the anterior pituitary
