GI physio Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
what is the digestive function of saliva
A
taste
Lubricant
Initiate digestion of starch
initiates digestion of fat
2
Q
where are the locations of the salivary glands
A
parotid: cheak
Submandibular salivary gland - back of mouth
sublingual salivary gland- font of mouth
3
Q
what is the duct is associated with the parotid gland
A
stensen’s duct
4
Q
where does the stensen’s duct open up
A
upper second molar
5
Q
what kind of gland is the parotid gland
A
serous gland (watery)
6
Q
what does the parotid gland produce to aid in digestion
A
amylase
7
Q
what is the duct associated with the submandibular gland
A
wharton’s duct
8
Q
where does wharton’s duct open
A
beneath the base of the tongue
9
Q
what kind of gland is the submandibular gland
A
Serous and mucous
10
Q
what does the submandibular gland secrete
A
water/electrolytes
mucin
11
Q
when is the submandibular gland active
A
at rest
12
Q
what is the duct associated with the sublingual gland
A
lesser sublingual (Rivinus’s) duct
13
Q
where does the sublingual gland secrete
A
anterior floor
14
Q
what does the sublingual gland secrete
A
mostly mucous
15
Q
where are the minor glands int eh oral cavity
A
Labial Palatine Buccal Lingual Sublingual mucosae
16
Q
what are the lingual salivary glands
A
Von Ebner gland
17
Q
what do the minor salivary glands secrete
A
mostly mucous except von ebner
18
Q
how much salivary contribution do the minor salivary glands add
A
5-10% total saliva
19
Q
what cells tend to hang out in the minor salivary glands
A
lymphocytes
20
Q
what are the rolls of Von ebner’s glands
A
Taste
Secrete lingual lipase
21
Q
how do von ebner glands aid in aste
A
facilitates contact with taste buds
rinses duct of circumvallate and foliate papillae
22
Q
what is the roll of lingual lipase
A
fatty acid digestion
23
Q
does lingual lipase only work in the mouth
A
Continues into stomach (fundus)
24
Q
why would the mouth secrete mucous
A
help with food bolus movement and respiration
25
what is an acinus made of
```
acinar cells (blind sac)
Myoepithelial cells
```
26
what cells are included in acinar cells
Serous cells
| Mucous cells
27
what do acinar serous cells secrete
enzymes
28
what do acinar mucous cells secrete
Mucin
29
what are the ducts of a salivon from the acinus
Intercalated duct
Striated duct
excretory duct
30
what is saliva made of
water (99.5%)
inorganic salts
organic compnents
31
what are the inorganic salts of the saliva
```
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarb
calcium phosphate
magnesium sulfate
```
32
what are the organic ompents of the saliva from acinar cell origin
```
amylase
Lipase
Mucoproteins
Proline-rirch proteins
Tyrosine-rich proteins (others)
```
33
what are the organic compnents of nonacinar cell origin
Lysozymes
Immunoglobulin
Growth factors
Regulatory peptires (NGF)
34
how is pH of the saliva controlled
highly buffered between 6.7 and 7.4
35
what is the primary mechanism for how saliva is secreted into the lumen
Cl- flows through the cell into the lumen
| Na passes between the cell into the lumen
36
how does the body regulate movement of ions to get saliva to flow into the lumen
```
non lumen side:
K pumped out of cell
2 k pumped in and 3 Na pumped out of cell
na and K pumped in with addition of 2 Cl
Lumen side:
Cl pumped into lumen
```
37
what does water follow for the primary mech for saliva secretion
NaCl
38
what does the alternative mechanism for substational fluid secretion include
take into CO2 from the nonlumen side to make HCO3
HCO3 pumped out and CL- pumped into the cell
(also pumps out HCO3 to the lumen
39
what is the intracellular Na concentration of salivary cells
Kept low
40
what is the intracellular K concentration of salivary cells
kept high
41
what is the intracellular Cl concentration of salivary cells
High
42
what is the Ca in unstimulated salivary cells
Low
43
what does the low ca of unstimulated salivary cells do
K and Cl channels are closed
44
what does stimulation of salivary cells lead to
Ca opens Cl and K channels
45
how does Na get into the lumen salivary glands
Na leaks through tight junctions to follow Cl
46
how do ion concentrations change with flow rate
Na increases most
HCO3 increase middle
Cl increases slightly bellow
K stays the same concentration
47
where does primary secretion occur
Acini
48
where does Secondary modifacion occur
in the duct
49
where in the duct is H2O permiable
in the acini but not permiable in the duct
50
how does concentrations change in the ducts of the salivary glands
Na, Cl, HCO3 reabsorbed
| K secreted
51
is H2O absorbed along the ducts
No
52
what is the flow rate along the salivary ducts
slow (allows for more reabsorption)
53
is electrolyte composition affected by flow rate in primary secretion
No
54
what is the composition of primary secretion
Plasma like (isotonic)
55
is electrolyte composition affected by flow rate in secondary secretion
yes, much so
56
how does the concentration of K and Na change in secondary secretion due to flow rate
high [K]: low flow rate
| High [Na]: high flow rate
57
what is the tonicity of secondary secretion
Hypotonic
58
where does primary and secondary secretions occur
primary: acinar
| Secondary; ductal
59
why does bicarb level off in concentration during an increase in flow saliva
to keep from getting too basic
60
what is the most abudnace protein in saliva
Mucin
61
what glands produce mucin
sublingual and submandibular glands
62
what is mucin rich in
Carbs
63
what is the roll of mucin
salivary viscosity
64
what galnds produce amylase
parotid gland
65
how is amylase packaged
Zymogen granules
66
what is the roll of amylase
breakdown of starch
67
what are the immun associated proteins of the saliva
Muramidase
Immunoglobulin
Lactoferrin
68
what is the action of muramidase
lyze muramic acid in the cell wall of many bacteria
69
what is the roll of lactoferrin
Binds iron
70
what are the Calcium binding proteins of saliva
PRP, TRP, cystatins, histatins
71
what is the roll of calcium binding proteins
promote mineralization of enamel
72
what is the roll of EGF in saliva
stimulates gastric growth
73
what is the roll of NGF in saliva
important for sympathetic nervous system
74
how does the sympathetic system affect the salivary glands
acts on the blood vessels
75
what does the parasympathetic gland ac on
```
Glands of palate and nose
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
Parotid glands
Lingual glands
```
76
what does CN VII (facial nerve) innervate
Glands of the palate and nose
Sublingual
Submandibular galnd
77
what does the glossopharygneal (CN IX) innervate
parotid glands
| lingual glands
78
what parts of the glandular system does the ANS act on
Acinar cells
Ductal cells
Blood vessels (vaso dilation and constriction)
Myoepithelial cells (contractive properties)
79
what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic
Acetylcholine
80
what is the neurotransmitter for sympa
norepinephrine
81
what are the other neurotransmitters for salivation
Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide
| Neuropeptide Y and calcitonin Gene relate peptide
82
what are the mechanoreceptors of the salivary reflex
periodontal ligaments
| taste buds
83
where do afferent impulses of the salivary reflexes travel
Trigeminal
Facial
Glassopharyngeal
84
where do silvary reflexes synpase
trigeminal and solitary nucleus
85
what does parasympathetic stimulation do to salivary acinar cells
release Ach onto salivary acinar cells and results in a watery plasma like secretion via a secondary messenger pathway
86
what are the important internal signals for salivary secretion in response to parasympa
```
Ca released in the cell
vauses K and Cl channels to open
icnrease luminal Cl concentraion
Intercellular sodium follows
Water follows
```
87
what is the mehanisms of protein secretion intracellularily
Uses GTP with PKA
88
what receptors are activated for salivary secretion
Muscarinic or alpha-adrenergic receptor activation
89
what is the primary neurotransmitter for salivary secretion
Acetylcholine (some effect of norepinephrine via alpha adrenergic receptor)
90
binding of acetylcholine leads to
Opening of Ca sensitive Cl and K chennel
| increase flow rate and decreased ductal modifiaction
91
what channels does aceylcholine act on
Muscarinic
| Alpha-adrenergic
92
what knid of saliva does norepinephrine produce
Protein rich
93
what receptor does Noepinephrine act on
Beta-adrenergic receptor
94
what are the causes of Xerostomia
Aging
drugs (diueretics, antidepressats, antihistamines, antihypertensives, anti-cholinergic drugs)
radiation
Sjorgren's sydrome
95
how does one manage xerostomia
stimulate muscarinic receptors (Pilocarpine - ach agonist)
| treat symptoms
96
wheree is most water absorbed
into blood in small intestine followed by large intestine
97
what is the structure of GI tissue
Villus
| Microvilli
98
what fills the villus of GI
Lacteal
| Capillaries
