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physiology > endo of growth and diabetes > Flashcards

endo of growth and diabetes Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

what are the non-endocrine factors that regulate growth

A

Genetics (primary)
Nutriation
freedom from disease

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2
Q

what determines final height

A

rate of bone growth

- primarily in legs and vertebral column

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3
Q

when does the demand for nutrition in growth begin

A

in utero (cell division and pr synth)

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4
Q

what is the nutritional rate for growth

A

Nutrient demand is greater than that for body maintainence

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5
Q

what axis does disease activate

A

The HPA axis

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6
Q

what are the hormones of the growth axis

A

GHRH
GH
IGF-1

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7
Q

where do hormones of the growth axis control growth

A

actions in somatic tissue and liver

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8
Q

what is more important for growth, IGF-1 or GH

A

IGF-1: fetal growth

GH: important later in development

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9
Q

what grows the fasterst in the body

A

brain is the fastest
Total body height
reproductive organs the slowest

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10
Q

what hormone not in the growth axis is needed for synth of GH and manifestation of GH effects

A

thyroid hormone

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11
Q

what hromone not in the growth axis regualtes growth

A

Glucose-regulating hormones

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12
Q

what is the action of Glucocorticoids

A

inhibit GHRH secretion at the thalamus

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13
Q

what is action of Insulin related to GH and IGF-1

A

action of insulin opposes GH and IGF-1

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14
Q

what steroids have just a role in growth, despite not being part of the growth axis

A

Gonadal steroids (t and E2)

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15
Q

what is the action of gonadal steroids on growth

A

Epiphyseal closure

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16
Q

what does the epiphyseal growth plates separate

A

the shaft/diaphysis from the proximal and distal epiphyses

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17
Q

how do longs bones growth

A

as epiphyseal plate cartialge is replaced by bone at both ends

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18
Q

does a growing bone romdel

A

Yes, constantly to maintain shape

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19
Q

what causes the epihphyseal places to ossify at puberty

A

Action of E2

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20
Q

what are the hypothalamic hormones that regulate GH secreteion

A

GHRH

Somatostatin

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21
Q

does GH has a direct or indirect effect on growth

A

Both

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22
Q

how does GH directly stimulate growth

A 
A mitogen (stimulates Cell division)
acts in somatic tissue to stimulate PR synth
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23
Q

what hormone works in opposition to GH

A

Insulin

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24
Q

how does GH have an indirect effect on growth

A

secretion of IGF-1 from liver and other tissues

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25
what kind of loops regulate GH secretion
Long and short loop feedback
26
what do IGF-1 and GH inhibit and stimulate via feedback loops
inhibit GH and GHRH | stimulate SS
27
what is the action of SS
inhibit GH
28
when is GHRH eleveated
During sleep
29
when is SS elevated
During the day
30
how does GH lead to growth in the bones
maturation of Chondroblasts
31
how does IGF-1 stimulate growth
CEll division
32
what are the anti-insulin affects of GH
- adipocytes more responsive to stimuli that induce breakdown of triglycerides, release fatty acids to the blood - stimulates gluconeogensis - reduce insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake by adipose and muscle cells (higher glucose concentrations)
33
what do deficits of GH and IGF-1 lead to
Reduced growth
34
why might GH and IGF-1 be reduced
genetic mutation | malnutrition
35
what are the known defects of IGF-1 synth or receptors
No known | - leads to death without these
36
how can one negatively affect IGF-1 synth
Malnutrition
37
what does chronic stress lead to
decrease of GH due to chronic stress
38
how does GH production change with age
High during adolescence | Low during adulthood when effects of GH on somatic tissue diminish
39
how do Sex steroids affect growth
Stimulate GH and IGF-1 synth | contrasting effect on skeltal growth
40
how do Steroids stimulate growth
stimulate the prepubertal spurt in bone growth | cause fusion of epiphyseal plates by inhibiting bone growth
41
what action do cortisol/glucocorticoids have on growth
anti-growth effects
42
how does GH benifit throughout life
Important at young age for cells and tissues | can become detrimental later in life
43
what usually is the cause of excessive production of GH
Pituitary
44
what causes gigantism
Prepubertal onset of ecess GH
45
what causes Acromegaly
Postpubertal onset of excess GH
46
aside from gigantism and acromegaly, what can excess GH lead to
Diabetic like condition | oral consequences
47
what are the oral conseqeunces of excess GH
macroglossia Increased teeth spacing and tilting enlarged salivary glands Excess cementum
48
what does GH insufficiency or receptor defects lead to
Reduced growth
49
how does one treat GH deficiency
treating prepubertally with exogenous GH
50
what causes GH insensitivity/dwarfism
absense of function GH receptor
51
what are the symptoms of abscence of a functional GH receptor
dont have diabetes or cancer | are obese
52
how does one treat GH insensitivity/dwafism
exogenous IGF-1
53
what is achondroplasia
Reduced growth due to constituitive activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor
54
what is the normal action of Fibroblast growth factor
Inhibits/regulates bone growth
55
what does abnormal/continued activation of the Fibrblast growth factor receptor lead to
Impaired development of cartilage
56
how does GH insufficiency affect dental patients
Delayed tooth shedding and replacement | decreased salivary function and increased incidence of perio disease and caries
57
how does taking GH affect adults
Not taller build muscle and bone start to look like acromegaly
58
what are the symptoms of Acromegaly
all body organs get thicker increased fatty acid in blood less storage of glucose
59
how common is GH insufficiency
Very common(1:35)
60
what causes Diabetes Mellitus
Disruption in the normal function of insulin
61
what is the roll of insulin
regulates glucose transport into cells , specifically muscle, fat, and liver
62
why would loss of insulin function be fetal
leading to ketoacidosis
63
why is insulin release
- In response to increase in blood glucose or amino acids | - signals from parasympa system
64
what ans system inhibits insulin secretion
Sympathetic nervous system
65
what is type I diabetes
autoimmune disorder where pancreatic beta cells are destroyed resuling in reduced insulin production
66
when does Type I diabetes manifest
early in life
67
how do you manage Type I diabetes
insulin supplementation Diet glucose monitor
68
what causes type II diabetse
combo of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency
69
when does Type II diabetes manifest
later in life
70
how does one manage type II diabetes
diet and life controls insulin sensitizers insulin suppliments
71
what are the symptoms of diabets
evelated fasting glucose concetration Polyria Fatigue Blurred vision
72
what does chronic hyperglycemia lead to
complications due to vascular effects of high plasma glucose - renal failure - vascular disease - blindness - skin and mucosal infection - periodontal disease
73
how can diabetse affect dentistry
vascular disease affect teeth dehydration reduce saliva increased risk of perio disease with diminished immune response and ability to repair tissue
74
how can you care for someone with type I diabets
- Be familiar with history | - snacks and/or insulin during prolonged procedures
75
how can type II diabetes lead to tooth pain
eating food with high Glycemic index aggravation of diabetic condition tooth pain due to complications

physiology (32 decks)

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