reproductive endo (4) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what secretes sex hormones
A
Adrenal cortex
Placenta
Gonads (testis and overy)
2
Q
classes of sex steroids
A
Pregnanes (21C)
androgens and androstanes (19C)
estrogens or estranes (18C)
3
Q
what is the primary male hormone
A
Testosterone
4
Q
what is more potenent, DHEA, testosterone, androstenedione, or DHT
A
DHT, then Testosterone
5
Q
what is testosterone converted into
A
DHT
6
Q
how is testosterone converted to DHT
A
by the enzyme 5alpha reductase
7
Q
what is the primary female hormones
A
Progesterone
estradiol
8
Q
what type of hormone is progesterone
A
Progestin
9
Q
what type of hromone is estrodiol
A
estrongen
10
Q
what is the importatance of progesterone in steroid synth
A
precursor for other steroids
11
Q
how is estrdiol made
A
produced from androgens by enzyme aromatase
12
Q
can roids be stored
A
Lipophilic, so can’t be stored
13
Q
what controls synth and secretion of roids
A
neuroendocrine system
14
Q
what organ are included in the reproductive axis
A
hypothalamus
anterior pituitar gland
gonads
15
Q
when is GnRH released
A
a pulsatile
16
Q
how do pulsitile hormones generate
A
spontaneously produce action potentials resulting in secretory bursts of GnRH
17
Q
where is GnRH secereted from
A
pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamus
18
Q
how do pacemaker neurons develop a pace
A
LEaky to Na, to eventually fire and release GRNH
19
Q
why are pulsmakers needed for some hormones
A
Body will get used to the hormone
20
Q
when is Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone released
A
In a pulsating fashion in response to GnRH
21
Q
where is LH and FSH released from
A
Anterior pituitary
22
Q
what does LH and FSH stimulate
A
Pulsatile secretion of gonadal steroid
23
Q
what are the feeback loops on GnRH neurons and gonadotropes
A
gonadal steroids negative feedback on GnRH and LH secretion
females: E2 postiive feedback on LH prior to ovulation
24
Q
what is the feedback loop given by testosterone
A
Inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH
25
what is the feedack loop given by estradiol and progesterone
Inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH
| during reproductive cycle: estradiol from ovary stimulates LH
26
what do the action of sex steroids have on gonads
trascribe poteins that Regulate gametogenesis and hormone synth
27
what do gonadal steroid regulate in reprodcutvive organ as well as accessory glands
Protein synth in reproductive organs, male accessory glands, uterus, breast, and brain
28
what are the cells of the testis
```
Speratic cells (gametes)
Leydig cells/interstitial cells
Sertoli cells/ sustentacular cells
```
29
what is included in psermatic cells
Mitotically active spermatogonia
| Meiotic spermatocytes
30
how does spermatogenesis process in direction
spermatic cells move through the wall of seminiferous tubules
- away from basal lamina to apical surface and lumen
31
where are leydig/interstitial cells found
outside the seminiferous tubules
32
what do leydig cells do
Synth Testosterone
33
what makes leydig cells sythesize testosterone
LH
34
what is the roll of testosterone in the gonads
regulates spermatogenesis
35
what is the roll of testosterone in the brain
regulates Sexual behavior after being aromatzed to E2
36
what does testosterone do to the whole body
regulates secondary sex characteristics
37
what are the sertoli cell's roll in the tests
- Are the epithelial cells lining the seminiferous tubules
- regualte spermatogenesis
- produce inhibin
- produce androgen binding protein
- secrete tubular fluid
38
what hormone do sertoli cells respond to regulate spermatogenesis and production of inhibin
FSH
39
what is the action of Inhibin
negative feedback action on FSH secretion at the level of the anterior pituitar
40
what kind of hormone is inhibin
Peptide
41
what is the roll of androgen binding protein
sequester T in the testes so spermatogenesis is continuous
42
what does tubular fluid do
Provide nutrient support for spermatozoa
43
what shape are sertoli cells
Columnar
44
what recepot do leidig cels have that sertoli cells do not have
LH receptors on leydig
| FSH on sertoli cells
45
what is the benifit of having leydig and sertoli cells separate
can develop sex characteristics without having to create sperm
46
what are the effects of testicular homromes
sexual differentiation
Develop and maintence of secondary sex characterisitics
Libido
Sexual behavior
47
effects of testosterone on females
regulate bone growth
Stimulate muscle growth
Stimulate erythropoiesis
48
what leads to sex differentiation in the featus
test from the featal testies
49
why would testosterone be converted to estrogen
Increase sex drive
50
what is testosterone converted to in the target tissue of the peripheral
DHT
| Estradiol
51
can DHT be turned into estradiol
No, non-aromatizable
52
where is testosterone converted to estradiol
aromatase in brain and bone
53
why inhibit 5alpha reductase
treat hair loss since DHT promotes hiar loss in male pattern baldness
54
why inhibit aromatase
treat breast and prostate cancers
55
what is the male counterpart to menopause
Andropause
56
severity of andropause
Much less severe because no physiological changes
57
changes from andropause
- Increase in emo disorders with aging
- noobvious decline in reproductive function
- test decreases, but still fertile
58
is test decline associated with emo problems
No
59
4 cells of female reproduction
OOcyte
Theca cells
Granulosa cells
Luteal cells
60
what surrounds each oocyte
Ovarian follicle
61
where are all oocytes stopped right after birth
Prophase of meisis 1
62
how many ovum are released per cycle
1 typically
63
what do theca cells do
Surround each follicle
64
what is the function of theca cells similar to
Leydig cells
65
where are Oocytes stoped at ovulation
meiosis
66
when does an oocyte complete meisosi
fertilization
67
what do theca cells respond to
LH
68
what are granulosa cells
Epithelial cells of the follicle (analgous to sertoli cells)
69
how many layers of grnulosa cells are there in a follicle
1+ in the early follicle
| granulosas continue to surround growing follicles as they fill with fluid
70
what does the follicle eventually develop into
Cumulus oophorus
71
when do luteal cells form
Present after ovulation when the theca and granula cells from a postovulatory follicle are transformed into the cells of the corpus luteum
72
what happens to follicle growth during the fetal and prepbertal development
Primordial follicles continueally mature into primary, preantral and early antral follicles
- eventually under atresia
73
what happens to the follicles after puberty
Develop during the ovarian/menstrual cycle
- undergo atresia
- progress to large antral follicle
74
what hapens to the large antral follicles
A dominant follicle emerges and eventually ovulates
75
what do theca cells respond to
Respond to LH
76
what do theca cells snth
Androstenedione
77
where does androstenedione go
Diffuses into granulosa cell
| diffuse into the systemic circulation
78
what do granulosa cells do to androstenedione in response to FSH
convert androstenedione to estrogen which is then converted to estradiol
79
what is the action of estradiol
Stimulates granulosa cell function and replication
regulates oocyte development
regulates female secondary sex characteristics
regulate bone turnover and arterial function
80
what does estradiol inhibit
GnRH and LH sescretion
81
what is secreted as a negative feedback effort on FSH secretion
Secretion of inhibin
82
what receptors do larger follicles have lots of
More LH and FSH receptors
83
because larger follicles have lots of LH and FSH receptors, what do larger follicles tend to produce lots of
E2
| Inhibin
84
what do E2 and inhibin regulate together
Ovarian cycle
85
what are the steps of the ovarian cycle
1. Gonadotropin increase to stimulate follicular development
2. increase E2 and inhibin; dominan folicle selection
3. FSH decrease, E2 peaks, LH surge
4. meiosis I completed, ovulation, CL formation
5. Increase E2 and P, inhibit gonadotropins
6. CL regression, decrease steriods, gonadotropins increase
- restart of cycle
86
what does the slight rise of gonadotropin do during the ovarian cycle
leads to growth of follicle leading to estrodiol
87
what happens in the menstrual phase
when the CL regresses
| steroid support for uterine endometrium is lost
88
what happens in the proliferative phase
Follicular E2 stimulate proliferation of the endometrium
89
what signifies the end of the follicular phase
Ovulation
| Cl fomration
90
what happens in the luteal phase
P and E2 stimulate uterine secretory activity
increase glandular production of glycogen
increase angiogenesis
decrease contactility
91
what ends the luteal phase
Decrease in gonadotropics
CL regresses
- restart cycle
92
what happens if pregnancy occures
placentra produces human chorionic gonadotropin (
93
what is human chorionic gonadotropin
similar to LH
| - maintains luteal steroidogenesis until placenta develops fully
94
what is menopause
Cessation of menstrual cycles primarily due to ovarian failure
95
what causes ovarian follicles to go away in menopause
atresia
96
what are the hormonal consequences of menopause
Lose ovarian sterios
gonadotropin and inhibin secreted highly
increase reliance on adrenal steroids
97
what determines gonadal sex
SRY protein
98
where is the SRY gene found
Y chromsome
99
what is the action of SRY protein
Directs indifferent gonad to become testis
100
what hormones does the fetal testis produce to regulate sexual differentiation of internal genitalia
T
| Anti-mullerian hormone
101
what are the tubules of the developing undifferentiated gonad
Wolffian duct
| Mullerian ducts
102
how do male hormones act to differentiate to male gonads
T stimulate proliferation of Wolfian duct
| AMH causes Mullerian duct to regress
103
what does the wolffian duct become
the tubules associated with the male reproductive tract
104
what steroids does the developing female gonads produce
No significant production of gonadal steroids
105
how does the lack of steroids affect female reproduction growth
Absence of T causes regression of the wolffian duct
| absence of AMH results in proliferation or maintenace of Mullerian duct system
106
what does the Mullerian duct system become
Tubules of the female reproductive tract
107
how long is the fetus undifferentaited
9 weeks
108
what external sex organs does the fetus have in both males and females
Genital tubercle
Urogenital fold
Labioscrtoal fold/genital folding
109
what stimulates the change of undifferentiated external sex organs to differentiated in males
Androgens( T converted to DHT in periphery) from the developing testing
110
what does androgens from the developing testes cause the genital tubercle, urogenital fold, and labioscrotal folds to becomes
Genital tubercle-> glans of penis
Urogenital fold-> urethral and surrounding penis
Labioscrotal folds_> Scrotum and skin of penis
111
what leads to the development of the female external genitals
abscence of androgens
112
what does the abscenes of androgesn cause the genital tubucle, urogenital fold, and labioscrotal fold to become
Genital tubercle -> glans of clitoris
Urogenital fold-> labia minor and urethral opeing
Labioscrotal fold -> labia majora
113
what causes the brain to sexually differentiate
effect of T aromatized to E2 in developing male
114
what is Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal enzyme deficiency resulting in excess production of adrenal androgens
115
what causes Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
caused by 1+ mutation
116
is severity of congenital adrenal hyperplasia the same
Varies depending on the mutation
117
what does a 21alpha hydroxylase mutation lead to in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Impairs synth of cortisol
decreases negative feeback of cortisol on ACTH secretion
increased stimulation of adrenal cortex
increased production of adrenal anrogens
118
what are the clinical signs of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia from 21alpha hydrozylase mutation
genotype XX
phenotype is more male than female
- effect on gonads and internal genitalia
119
what is the penis, scrotum, and prostate gland dependent on to grow
DHT-dependent
120
what does 5alpha reductase deficiency (Guevodoces clinically
- Failure of differentiation of eternal genitalia early in life
- increased T at puberity leads to some differnetaion
121
what is the phenotype and genotype of a 5alpha reductase deficncy
XY
phenotype female at brith until early pubery
- effects on gonads and internal genitalia
122
what causes Testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity
Lack of functional androgen receptor (T and DHT)
123
what is the clinical signs of Testicular feminization/ androgen insensitivity
Genotype XY
phenotype female, condition diagnosed at puberty
- effects on gonads and internal genitalia
124
do circulating hormones increase or decrease with pregnancy
dramatically increase of circulating steroids hormones due to placental producation
125
how long does it take for the CL to regress in pregnancy
after 3 months
126
what supports luteal steroidogenesis after CL regression in pregnancy
HCG
127
what stimualtes grwoth of myometrium in pregnancy
Placental E2
128
what is the action of placental P
reduces uterine contractily
| stimulates vasodilation
129
why is looking at pregancy important for a dentist
More susceptible to gingivitis and periodontitis due to elevated steroids hromones
Medication and X-rays affect fetus
comfort during exam or procedure
