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physiology > system overview and the heart > Flashcards

system overview and the heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the circulatory system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Bloos

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2
Q

what are the rolls of arteries

A

Low resistance tubes to cary blood to organs

pressure reserve

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3
Q

what is the roll of arterioles

A

provide resistance to control where blood glows

control aterial blood pressure

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4
Q

what is roll of Capillaires

A

Major site of nutrient, metabolic end products, fluid exchange between blood and tissue

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5
Q

what is the roll of venules

A

Site of nutrient, metabolic, and fluid exchange betwen blood and tissues

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6
Q

what is the roll of veins

A

low resistance for flow back to heart

capacity for blood to be adjusted to faciliate flow

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7
Q

what is the liquid portion of blood

A

Plasma

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8
Q

what is found in the plasma

A

dissolved nutrients, ions, waters, gases, other substances

- similar to interstitial fluid at capillaries

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9
Q

what does the blood constist of

A 
Formed elements (cells and cell fragments)
Liquid (plasma)
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10
Q

what cells are included in blood

A 
RBC
white blood cells 
 - neutrophils
 - B cells
 - T cells
 - monocytes
 - eosinophils
 - baseophils
Platelets
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11
Q

what s the meatocrit

A

Percent of blood that is RBCs

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12
Q

what is the average hematocrit

A

45%

  • higher for men
  • lower for women
    • no idea why
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13
Q

what is the roll of blood

A

Nutreints and wastes
Hormones/info
thermal regulation - water caries a lot of heat

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14
Q

what is the total volume of blood equal to

A

Plasma+ buffy coat+ erythrocytes

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15
Q

what is the equation for a hematocrit

A

erythrocyte volume/ total volume

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16
Q

is fully oxygenated blood red or blue

A

It is red

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17
Q

what does the R and L sides of the heart pump

A

R: pulmonary
L: systemic

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18
Q

what is microcirculation

A

Aterioles
Capillaries
Venules

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19
Q

exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and metabolic end products occure at what level

A

Capillaries and Interstitial fluid via diffusion

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20
Q

do all organs receive the same amount of blood at rest

A

No

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21
Q

what is the flow equation

A

change in pressure/Resistance

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22
Q

how is resistnace related to radius

A

Inversely to Radius^4

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23
Q

what is the biggest determinant of blood flow

A

resistnace via change in radius

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24
Q

does absolute pressure control blood flow

A

No, only the pressure difference

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25
valve between the R atrium and the R ventricle
Right AV valve | (tricupsid)
26
valve between the R ventricle and pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary semilunar valve
27
valve between the Left atrium and the Left ventricle
Left AV valve | bicuspid
28
valve betweent he Left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilular valve
29
what do the valves do aside from controlling the direction of blood flow in the heart
electrically insulate the heart
30
how is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle
branches Intercallated disks with gap junctions each myocyte contracts with each heart beat
31
what do the gap junctions of cardiac muscle do for them
Electrically couple the heart together
32
why does each myocyte contract together
because the heart is electrically coupled together ( no recruitment like in skeltal muscle)
33
where are muscarinic receptors in the heart
only on the atria
34
how does the parasympathetic system act on the heart
Via the vagus nerves to release acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors on the atria
35
how does the sympathetic system act on the heart
Via thoracic spinal nerves to release norepinephrine to act on beta-adrenergic receptors on the atria and the ventricles
36
what does the parasympathetic system do for the heart
act on the atria to decrease HR
37
what does the sympatheic system do for the heart
Act on the atria to increase HR | act on the ventricles to increase contractility
38
what aside from the nervous system can act on the heart
Epinephrine from the blood stream binds to Beta adrenergic receptors to increase HR and contractility
39
how does electricity flow through the heart
``` SA node AV node Bundle of His R and L bundle branches Purkinji fibers ```
40
where is the SA node found
in the right atrium
41
where does sinus rhythm begin
in the SA node
42
what is the roll of all other aspects of the hearts conduction system
bring electricity to the apex to do ventricular contraction upward
43
what happens if the cells of the SA node go away
heart continues to depolarize, but lacks sinus rhythm
44
how much of the conducting system must be gone for the heart to no longer pump
all of it must be gone
45
what causes the rapid depolarization phase of myocardium
rapid opening of voltage gated sodium channels
46
what causes the plateau phase of myocardial cells
slow but prolonged opening of voltage gated calcium channels | Closure of potassium channels
47
what is needed for the atrium and ventricles to coordinate their contractions
The AV node
48
what is the P wave
atrial depolarization
49
what is the qRS wave
ventricular depolarization
50
what is the T wave
repolarization of the ventricles
51
where is the SA node in the EKG
not present, too small to ilicit a response
52
why don't we see atrial repolarization
occures during ventricular contraction, so it is not seen
53
what are the characteristics of ventricles contraction
contract together and efficienctly
54
what fibers are responsible for ventricular contraction
R and L bundle branches | purkinji fibers
55
what is the slowest part of atrial contraction
AV node(1.2seconds) to allow for atria to contract completelyq
56
what causes the repolarization phase of myocardial contraction
Opening of potassium channels
57
what causes the resting membrane potential of myo
Potassium
58
can a myocyte depolarize alone
No, b/c it has a true resting membrane potential
59
what is the resting membrane potential of myocytes
-80mV
60
what kind of potential does the SA node have
Pacemaker potential
61
what leads to the pacemaker potential of nodal cells
Na ions leaking through F-type channe
62
what is responsible for the rising phase of nodal cells
rapid opening of voltage gated Ca channels
63
what is responsible for the repolarization phase of nodal cells
Reopening of potassium channels | closing of ca channels
64
what channels are needed for the pacemaker potential
F type Channels
65
what does an EKG that is mising every other QRS and T mean
AV node could not be repolarized due to refractory period
66
what does it mean when an EKG has QRS randomly associated with P at different times
Atria and ventricles could not be coupled
67
what does excitation contraction coupling link
cardiac muscle cell AP to contraction via control of Ca within myocardium
68
what is trigger calcium
Calcium from outside the cell that causes the sarcroplasmic reticulum to release Ca
69
what does trigger calcium bind to
ryanodine receptors on the external surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
70
what channels allow trigger calcium to enter the cell
L-type Ca channels in T-tubules
71
what is needed for excitation contraction coupling in Myocardium
needs extracellular ca to depolarize and release Ca from the SR
72
how is skeletal ca different from cardiac
skeletal needs voltage gated Ca release
73
why do ventricular cells have such a long Ap compared to skeletal muscles
Plateu phase from trigger calcium
74
what is the importance of the plateau phase for myocardial cells
makes long refractory period to ensure no heart teatanus | - allow blood to fill ventricles

physiology (32 decks)

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