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Endocrine Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Drug class for Levothyroxine

A

thyroid agent (T4)

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2
Q

MoA for Levothyroxine

A

replacement T4 converted to T3 in peripheral tissues -> nuclear receptors -> protein synthesis, metabolic rate, promotes gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

Indications for Levothyroxine

A

hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer

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4
Q

Drug class for Liothyronine

A

thyroid agent (T3)

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5
Q

MoA for Liothyronine

A

T3 in peripheral tissues -> nuclear receptors -> protein synthesis, metabolic rate, promotes gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

Indications for Liothyronine

A

hypothyroidism not responsive to T4 therapy; tx of myxedema coma

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7
Q

Drug class for Radioactive Iodine

A

antithyroid agent

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8
Q

MoA for Radioactive Iodine

A

radioactive iodine is concentrated in thyroid gland w/ death of gland cells over 6-8 weeks

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9
Q

Indications for Radioactive Iodine

A

thyroid ablation without surgery

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10
Q

Drug class for Methimazole

A

antithyroid agents

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11
Q

MoA for Methimazole

A

blocks oxidation of iodine in thyroid gland preventing iodine combining w/ tyroisin to form T4, T3; doesn’t inactivate circulating T4, T3

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12
Q

Indications for Methimazole

A

hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

Drug class for Prophylthiouracil [PTU]

A

anti-thyroid drug

thiamine

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14
Q

MoA for Prophylthiouracil [PTU]

A

interfere w/ thyroid hormone synthesis; inhibits conversion of T4 to T3; has immunosuppressive effects (bone marrow)

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15
Q

Indications for Prophylthiouracil [PTU]

A

Graves disease, pre-thyroid surgery or RAI131 therapy, thyrotoxic crisis

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16
Q

Drug class for Prednisone

A

glucocorticoids

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17
Q

Drug class for Prednisolone

A

glucocorticoids intermediate acting

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18
Q

Drug class for Dexamethasone

A

glucocorticoids long acting

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19
Q

MoA for Prednisone, Prednisolone, Dexamethasone

A

suppresses adrenal function at high dose; dec leukocyte migration; enters cell nucleus to alter synthesis of protein

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20
Q

Indications for Prednisone, Prednisolone, Dexamethasone

A

multiple; immunosuppressive functions

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21
Q

Drug class for Fludrocortisone

A

mineralcorticoids

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22
Q

MoA for Fludrocortisone

A

promotes increased distal renal tubule absorption of Na+ and loss of K+

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23
Q

Indications for Fludrocortisone

A

Addison’s disease (adrenocortical insufficiency); resistant orthostatic hypotension

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24
Q

Drug class for Propanolol

A

adjunct drugs: nonselective beta blocker

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25
MoA for Propanolol
adrenergic B1 & B2 receptor inhibitor; reduction in myocardial oxygen demand
26
Indications for Propanolol
angina, HTN, tachycarrhythmias, essential tremor, migraine Pa, anxiety
27
Drug class for Metoprolol
adjunct drugs: selective beta blockers (B1)
28
MoA for Metoprolol
selective B1 adrenergic receptor inhibitor
29
Indications for Metoprolol
angina, HTN, hemodynamically stable MI
30
Drug class for Raloxifine
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
31
MoA for Raloxifine
binds to selected estrogen receptors & dec bone resorption
32
Indications for Raloxifine
px/tx osteoporosis
33
Drug class for Alendronate
bisphosphenate: oral
34
MoA for Alendronate
decrease rate of bone resorption
35
Indications for Alendronate
px/tx of osteoporosis in women; tx in men; Paget's disease
36
Drug class for Zoledronic Acid
bisphosphenate: IV
37
MoA for Zoledronic Acid
inhibits osteoclast activity & skeletal calcium release
38
Indications for Zoledronic Acid
px/tx osteoporosis; tx multiple myeloma, metastatic bone lesions, hypercalcemia of malignancy, Paget's disease
39
Drug class for Calcitonin Salmon
calcitonin
40
MoA for Calcitonin Salmon
protein sequence similar to human calcitonin; antagonizes impact of parathyroid hormone & inhibits osteoclast activity
41
Indications for Calcitonin Salmon
osteoporosis, Paget's disease, hypercalcemia
42
Drug class for Teriparatide
recombinant human parathyroid hormone
43
MoA for Teriparatide
recombinant form PTH (1-34); stimulates new bone formation
44
Indications for Teriparatide
tx severe/tx-resistant osteoporosis (max 2 yrs use)
45
Drug class for Denosumab
RANK ligand inhibitor
46
MoA for Denosumab
human monoclonal antibody which attaches to RANKL blocking ability to bind to RANK receptor on surface of osteoclast thereby inhibiting osteoclastogenesis & increasing osteoclast apoptosis
47
Indications for Denosumab
males & postmenopausal females at high fracture risk due to osteoporosis; men on androgen-deprivation therapy & women receiving aromatase-inhibitor therapy
48
Drug class for Glipizide
sulfonylureas
49
MoA for Glipizide
stimulates pancreatic beta cell release of insulin (closes KATP channels -> (+) insulin)
50
Indications for Glipizide
T2DM
51
Drug class for Repaglinide
Meglitinides
52
MoA for Repaglinide
binds to adjacent receptor to sulfonylurea receptor on beta cell to stimulate insulin release
53
Indications for Repaglinide
T2DM; reduction of postprandial glucose levels; sulfa allergy
54
Drug class for Metformin
biguanides
55
MoA for Metformin
decrease hepatic glucose production, decrease renal gluconeogenesis, slow intestinal absorption glucose, increase glucose conversion to lactate by enterocytes, stimulate tissue glycolysis, increase glucose removal from blood, decrease plasma glucagon levels
56
Indications for Metformin
T2DM
57
Drug class for Pioglitizone
TZDs
58
MoA for Pioglitizone
decrease insulin resistance by activation of nuclear PPAR-gamma in myocytes, hepatocytes; most potent insulin sensitizer, increase trig metabolism (site: muscle, fat, liver cells)
59
Indications for Pioglitizone
T2DM
60
Drug class for Acarbose
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
61
MoA for Acarbose
reduces postprandial glucose levels by inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidase conversion polysaccharides to monosaccharides; delays absorption & levels of blood glucose
62
Indications for Acarbose
T1DM, T2DM
63
Drug class for Sitagliptin
dipeptidul peptidase-4 inhibitor
64
MoA for Sitagliptin
inhibits DPP-4 to reduce degradation of GLP-1 -> increases levels of CLP-1; reduces postprandial glucose levels
65
Indications for Sitagliptin
T2DM
66
Drug class for Lispro
rapid acting insulin
67
MoA for Lispro
insulin replacement, supplement
68
Indications for Lispro
T1DM, T2DM
69
Drug class for Regular
short acting insulin
70
MoA for Regular
insulin replacement, supplement
71
Indications for Regular
T1DM, T2DM
72
Drug class for Neutral Protamine
intermediate acting insulin
73
MoA for Neutral Protamine
insulin replacement, supplement
74
Indications for Neutral Protamine
T1DM, T2DM
75
Drug class for Insulin Glargine
long acting insulin
76
MoA for Insulin Glargine
insulin replacement, supplement
77
Indications for Insulin Glargine
T1DM, T2DM
78
Drug class for Human rDNA Insulin
oral inhalation, rapid acting insulin
79
MoA for Human rDNA Insulin
inhaled insulin
80
Indications for Human rDNA Insulin
T1DM, T2DM used w/ long acting insulin
81
Drug class for Pramlintide
amylin analogue
82
MoA for Pramlintide
amylin analogue (decrease gastric emptying, decrease glucagon secretion, decrease appetite)
83
Indications for Pramlintide
T1DM, T2Dm to lower PP glucose levels
84
Drug class for Exenatide
incretin mimetic: GLP-1 agonist
85
MoA for Exenatide
increase insulin release; decrease glucagon release; slows gastric emptying; decrease appetite; stimulates insulin secretion in presence of glucose
86
Indications for Exenatide
T2DM w/ metformin +/- sulfonylurea to lower PP glucose levels
87
Drug class for Liraglutide
incretin mimetic: GLP-1 agonist
88
MoA for Liraglutide
increase insulin release; decrease glucagon release; slows gastric emptying; decrease appetite; increase beta cell growth/replication
89
Indications for Liraglutide
T2DM w/ metformin +/- sulfonylurea to lower PP glucose levels
90
Drug class for Canaglifloxin
SGLT2 inhibitor
91
MoA for Canaglifloxin
inhibits glucose resorption in proximal renal tubule
92
Indications for Canaglifloxin
adjunct therapy in T2DM
93
Drug class for Colesevelam
bile acid sequestrant
94
MoA for Colesevelam
decrease intestinal glucose absorption
95
Indications for Colesevelam
hypercholesterolemia, adjunct to metformin, sulfonylureas, insulin in T2DM
96
Drug class for Desmopressin
vasopressin receptor agonist
97
MoA for Desmopressin
increase permeability of renal tubular cells to water resorption -> decrease urine volume, increase vonW factor, VIII, t-PA levels
98
What does parathyroid hormone stimulate?
stimulates bone resorption
99
What are the main cells in the ileum & what do they release?
L cells release glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
100
What are the main cells in the jejunum & what do they release?
K cells release glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
101
What to acing cells secrete?
digestive enzymes
102
What are the two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?
alpha & beta cells
103
What to alpha cells do?
secrete glucagon -> hepatic glycogenolysis -> glucose between meals
104
What do beta cells do?
secrete insulin -> glucose entry into cells | secrete amylin -> inhibits gastric emptying, glucagon release
105
What do delta cells do?
secrete somatostatin -> acts locally to decrease beta cell release of insulin, amylin production
106
What are the functions of insulin?
- promote glucose uptake by tissue cells - promotes protein synthesis - provides for glucose storage - prevents fat & glycogen breakdown - inhibits gluconeogenesis
107
Which drugs increase insulin secretion in T2DM?
sulfonylureas, meglitinides, uncertain mimetic, gut-derived hormone analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors
108
Which drugs decrease insulin resistance in T2DM?
biguanides, TZDs
109
Which drugs decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis in T2DM?
biguanides, amylin analogue
110
Which drugs decrease glucose absorption in T1DM & T2DM?
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants

Pharmacology (16 decks)

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