Flashcards in Exam 2, heart gomez Deck (204)
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1
what causes foramen ovale to be a problem
when the R ventricular pressure overcomes the L
like in pulmonary HTN
2
a
a
3
what is unique about cardiac muscle cells
intercalated discs with gap junctions etc
4
what occurs in heart chambers with age
increased left atrial size
decreased ventricula size
sigmoid shaped venricular septum
5
what occurs in heart valves with age
aortic valve calcific deposits
mitral valve annular calcific deposits
fibrous thickening
6
what occurs to the epicardial coronary arteries in an aging heart
tortuosity
7
what happens to the myocardium in an aging heart
decreased pass, brown atrophy
lipofuscin deposition (aging pigment)
8
what happens to the aorta with an aging heart
dilated ascending aorta
9
What are the five basic categories of cardiac disease
congenital heart disease
HTN heart disease
ischemic heart disease
valvular heart disease
nonischemic primary myocardial disease
10
what is the cardiac reserve
the CO that is not used at rest
use 10-20% maximal output
11
What are the six general causes of cardiac dysfunction
-pump failure
-obstruction to blood flow through the heart
-regurgitant flow
-shunted flow
-disorders of cardiac conduction
-disruption of continuity of circulatory system
12
What are the six general causes of cardiac dysfunction
-pump failure
-obstruction to blood flow through the heart
-regurgitant flow
-shunted flow
-disorders of cardiac conduction
-disruption of continuity of circulatory system
13
what are examples of pump failure
primary myocardiopathy
ischmic cardiac disease
14
what are causes of obstruction blood flow through heart
valvular disease (stenosis)
HTN disease
15
what is an example of regurgitant flow
valvular disease (insufficiency)
16
what is an example of shunted flow cardiac dysfunction
congenital heart disease (PDA ASD and VSD)
17
what are examples of disruption to continuity of circulatory system
gunshot, ventricular rupture
18
what are examples of disruption to continuity of circulatory system
gunshot, ventricular rupture
19
what can cause an increased workload resulting in hypertrophy
increased physiologic need by a normal heart
or
overall decreased intrinsic myocardial contractility
20
what is the difference of cardiac hypertrophy and cardio megaly
megaly is heart size and weight, hypertrophy is ventricular thickness or weight
21
what is the normal weight for male and femal hearts
male 300-500 female 250-300
22
what can cause a heart to weigh >800 gm
aortic regurgitation or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
23
what can cause a heart to weigh >400
pulmonary HTN, IHD, systemic HTN aortic stenosis, mitral regug, dilated cardiomyopathy
24
what is the definition for cardiac dysfunction
inability to pump blood at a rate necessary for metabolizing tissues
25
What catecholamine is released in cardiac dysfunction
NE, neurohumoral stimulation, leads to more work for the heart. not good
26
What catecholamine is released in cardiac dysfunction
NE, neurohumoral stimulation, leads to more work for the heart. not good
27
What is the hearts response to pressure overload?
volume overload?
pressure= concentric Hypertrophy
volume= eccentric
28
what are causes of concentric hypertrophy in each ventricle
L-- systemic HTN or aortic stenosis
R-- cor pulmonale
29
what can cause a volume overload that results in eccentric hypertrophy
valve disorders and congenital heart disease
30
