exam four (human microbiome)

Question 1

how many more microbial cells are there than human cells

Answer 1

10x

Question 2

total microorganisms colonizing our bodies; vital for our health

Answer 2

microbiome

Question 3

what are the GI microbiota

Answer 3

bacteroidetes, firmicutes, and proteobacteria

Question 4

each person has a ____ community of GI microbiota

Answer 4

unique (no one has the same microbiome)

Question 5

the Gi micrbiota trains the _____ system

Answer 5

immune (turns it on or off of pathogens or good microbes)

Question 6

the ____ is the set of microbes in an individual

Answer 6

enterotype

Question 7

in the stomach ___ ____ colonize 50% of world population

Answer 7

helicobacter pylori

Question 8

the pH of mucus layer at wall

Answer 8

6-7

Question 9

_____ ____ causes ulcers in the stomach; untreated they cause inflammation (which can cause cancer)

Answer 9

helicobacter pylori

Question 10

two bacteria in small intestine

Answer 10

enterococci and lactobacilli

Question 11

the pH and O2 in the small intestine gets _____ as it moves down

Answer 11

lower

Question 12

in the large intestine most bacterias are

Answer 12

anaerobes (facultative anaerobe: E. coli)

Question 13

in the large intestine what archaea can live there

Answer 13

methanogens

Question 14

in the large intestine what yeast can live there

Answer 14

candida

Question 15

the ____ ____ axis is the association between NT and microbes; the brain and the GI tract

Answer 15

gut-brain

Question 16

____ is an enzyme in your mouth that breaks down petidoglycan

Answer 16

lysozome

Question 17

the ____ microbiota is the most variable in nutrients and pH

Answer 17

oral

Question 18

there are around ____ species present in biofilms on teeth and gums

Answer 18

750

Question 19

___ ____ is a firmicute that can degrade tooth surface

Answer 19

strep. mutans

Question 20

highly colonized area thta contains staph. aureus (in the nose) and streptococci (gram - cocci)

Answer 20

upper respiratory tract

Question 21

area that is not highly colonized; when it is infected it causes reduced airflow

Answer 21

lower respiratory tract

Question 22

in the lower respiratory tract has a ____ ____ that traps microbes and moves them out

Answer 22

mucocilliary escalator

Question 23

the ____ urinary tract is usually sterile (flow of urine and immune cells make this possible)

Answer 23

upper

Question 24

the ____ urinary tract is colonized (gram -) women are more likely to get UTI (4cm urethra)

Answer 24

distal

Question 24

lactobacillus acidophilus is in the female genital tract to (lots of microorganisms)

Answer 24

keep pH low (around 5)

Question 24

____ microbiota of men is less understood (circumcision makes a difference)

Answer 24

penis

Question 25

the skin microbiota is influenced by many variables

Answer 25

sweat, weather, health, age , pets, personal hygiene

Question 26

sweat has ___ ____ which limit the growth of their own target type of microbe

Answer 26

antimicrobial peptides

Question 27

four main bacteria of the skin microbiota; which makes up half

Answer 27

actinobacteria, proteobacteria, firmicutes, bacteroidetes; actinobacteria

Question 28

the microbes that are attached to our skin provide barrier to infections, how?

Answer 28

by blocking pathogens through competitive exclusion

Question 29

everything (tissues) deep to the skin/ epidermis should be

Answer 29

sterile

Question 30

a vaginal birth has ___ % species same as mother vs. ___ in C-section

Answer 30

72; 42

Question 31

breast milk has what bacteria

Answer 31

lactobacillus and bifidobacterium

Question 32

the bifidobacterium longum helps the baby

Answer 32

digest complex breast milk polysacc. (mutualism)

Question 33

by __ years old toddlers have adult-like microbiome

Answer 33

3

Question 34

microbiomes are stable; ____ species retention year-to-year

Answer 34

70%

Question 35

there are more ___ and less ____ as we get old

Answer 35

bacteroidetes and firmicutes

Question 36

disruption of the homeostasis between microbiota and host

Answer 36

dysbiosis

Question 37

there is a correlation between age and _____ loss in microbiome

Answer 37

diversity

Question 38

chronic gut inflammation causes altered gut microbiota

Answer 38

IBD

Question 39

colonic microbiota die with

Answer 39

antimicrobial treatment

Question 40

when colonic microbiota die then _____ can overgrow and it produces a ____

Answer 40

C. difficle; toxin

Question 41

the psuedomembranous colitis that is overgrown causes

Answer 41

inflammatory lesions perforation shock death

Question 42

C. diff is a ____ pathogen

Answer 42

oppurtunistic

Question 43

the microbiota in the ____ mouse cannot stop fermentation and creates volatile fatty acids

Answer 43

obese

Question 44

The microbiota having regulation in gut for fermentation can be cause of

Answer 44

obese vs. lean

Question 45

what bacteria lead to dental caries through fermentation of acidic producst

Answer 45

strep. mutans

Question 46

chronic inflammation, destruction of gums; decrease in diversity

Answer 46

periodontis

Question 47

proprionibacterium acnes causes

Answer 47

acne

Question 48

vaginal dysbiosis: causes odor, discharge

Answer 48

vaginosis

Question 49

vaginal dysbiosis: inflammatory infection; decrease in lactobacilli

Answer 49

vaginitis

Question 50

a growth of candida in vagina is due to

Answer 50

trichomonas vaginalis

Question 51

changes that require return to homeostasis in microbiome

Answer 51

perturbations

Question 52

plant nutrients we cannot digest but fermentative gut microbes can (feed the good microbes)

Answer 52

prebiotics

Question 53

prebiotics and probiotics together are

Answer 53

symbiotics