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microbiology > exam three (microbial genetics) > Flashcards

exam three (microbial genetics) Flashcards

1
Q

small, self replicating extrachromosomal genetic elements

A

plasmid

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2
Q

all genetic elements present in an organism

A

genome

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3
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae strain r gave a ____ appearance but s gave a ___ appearance

A

rough; smooth

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4
Q

mice with _ strain were killed not just sick like with other strain

A

S

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5
Q

griffiths mixed r as a live strain and s as dead strain and the colonies that showed up were all s and killed mice

what should have happened?

A

idea was that colonies should have been rough and not lethal because s stain was dead; transformation was discovered in this way

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6
Q

avery, macleod, and mcCarty added an RNase (takes out RNA) and a protease (takes out protein) in the smooth strand and then mixed it with r, what happened?

A

transformation continued to happen; mice dead and smooth colonies

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7
Q

avery, macleod, and mcCarty added a DNase in the smooth strand and then mixed it with r, what happened?

A

no transformation; rough colonies and not lethal

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8
Q

avery, macleod, and mcCarty finally mixed r with just DNA from s and what happened?

A

smooth colonies; dead mice (DNA is the element of transformation)

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9
Q

DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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10
Q

RNA to protein

A

translation

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11
Q

bacteria does ____ replication, very rapid

A

bi-directional

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12
Q

the bi-directional replication of bacteria has 2 ___ ___ but ___ start of replication origin

A

2 replication forks; one

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13
Q

what structure shows up when microbe is halfway through replication

A

the theta structure

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14
Q

in termination links of chromosomes; that are resolved by topoisomerases (eukaryotes)

A

catenanes

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15
Q

in termination dimerization are resolved by ____ in prokaryotes

A

recombinases

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16
Q

plasmid replication is very different; not ___ ___

A

bi-directional

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17
Q

eukaryotic genes have introns which are _____ regions and exons which are ____ regions

A

non-coding; coding

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18
Q

the bacterial gene only has ____ regions

A

coding

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19
Q

what are the promotor sites in bacteria?; they are ___ ____ binding (found in promotor; highly conserved)

A

-10, -35; rna polymerase

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20
Q

things that are upstream are to the ___ of the gene (5’ - 3’)

A

left

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21
Q

_____ is down stream

A

terminator

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22
Q

-10 is 10 base pairs ____ from gene

A

upstream

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23
Q

what is the transcription start site

A

+1 (upstream)

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24
Q

the promotor regions (-10, -35) guide _____ process

A

transcription

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25
Q

the leader sequence is between what

A

transcription and translation start site

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26
Q

the ribosome binding site is the _____ start site

A

translation

27
Q

the bacteria has its own specific 5 subunit core enzyme (alpha, alpha, beta, beta’ and w) which is a?

A

rna polymerase

28
Q

RNA polymerase binds with __ ___ in promotor region

A

sigma factor

29
Q

sigma factor and core enzyme is called

A

holoenzyme

30
Q

purpose is to help recognize promotor so core enzyme can attach

A

sigma factor (essential; once core enzyme binds, sigma can leave)

31
Q

in Rho- dependent termination____ attaches to mRNA; influences polymerase and RNA to fall off in termination

A

Rho

32
Q

factor independent termination has no ____

A

Rho

33
Q

in factor independent termination there has to be ___ ___

A

inverted repeats

34
Q

the inverted repeat is significant because it creates a ___ ____ structure (two inverted repeats will compliment)

A

stem loop

35
Q

the factor independent termination also has __ rich region which are weak and that in combination with the loop will cause ____ to fall off

A

U rich; polymerase

36
Q

transcription in eukaryote is complex; has splice sites and does alternate splicing to remove introns by _____

A

spliceosome

37
Q

mature mRNA of eukaryotes has what two things

A

5’ cap & poly-a tail

38
Q

the leader sequence in bacterial region is an ___ ____

A

untranslated region

39
Q

the translation start codon is

A

AUG

40
Q

e. coli ribosome binding site is

A

shine-dalgarno site

41
Q

translation stop codon for bacterial translation

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

42
Q

genes ordered one after another with one promoter; genes involved in same pathway

A

operon (all controlled by same promoter and terminator)

43
Q

prokaryotes can couple ___ and ___ because they dont have to use DNA from nucleus

A

transcription and translation

44
Q

transcriptional regulation:
most genes that are always expressed

A

constitutive

45
Q

transcriptional regulation:
activated by a protein; activator protein binds near promotor; turns ON gene OFF (control of a gene that is turned OFF)

A

positive control

46
Q

three levels of control for prokaryotes

A

transc. , translation, post- translational

47
Q

transcriptional regulation:
uses repressor protein
(turning OFF something that is ON)

A

negative control

48
Q

____ are down stream products that come from gene being transcribed and translated and activate a protein to help activate transcription (helps to control an activator)

A

inducer

49
Q

___ ___ typically focuses on up or down regulating an always somewhat on gene

A

transcriptional regulation

50
Q

allow some transcription even under repression

A

leaky promotors

51
Q

two component system regulates ____

A

transcription

52
Q

a sensor kinase is in the ____ and responding to it in the _____ is the response regulator

A

membrane, cytoplasm

53
Q

the two component system senses and responds to _____ _____ (up regulate or down regulate transc.)

A

changing environment

54
Q

the sensor kinases can respond to changes in _____; then internal response regulator turns genes on or off

A

osmolarity

55
Q

attenuation is apart of _____ regulation

A

transcriptional

56
Q

tryptophan synthesis operon is unique because the leader sequence is ____; why?

A

translated; has 4 attenuator sequences that give rise to stem loop

57
Q

2 trp codons side by side is a ____ ____ (now microbe needs two to continue)

A

limiting factor

58
Q

in low tryptophan levels, the ____ will pause and give mRNA to form stem loop called antitermination loop.

A

ribosome

59
Q

the antitermination loop allows _____ to continue to make more tryptophen

A

transcription

60
Q

in high tryptophan: terminator loop forms and stops transcription, why?

A

doesn’t need more trytophan

61
Q

riboswitches are ____ regulation

A

transcription

62
Q

riboswitches fold into ____ ___, a metabolite alters their folding structure

A

secondary structure

63
Q

metabolites (down stream; come from gene) regulate transcription by interacting with ____ and changing its structure to turn transcription ___

A

riboswitch; off (riboflavin)

64
Q

translation start site is upstream and called

A

RBS

microbiology (17 decks)

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