exam three (genetic mutation)

Question 1

heritable changes in DNA (mutant vs. wild type)

Answer 1

mutations

Question 2

mutation of single base pair (does not always cause problems)

Answer 2

point mutation

Question 3

______ mutations in prokaryotes happen because they replicate much faster; polymerase is more error prone

Answer 3

spontaneous

Question 4

mispairing of nucleotides mutation

Answer 4

base changes

Question 5

strand slipping causes ____ or _____

Answer 5

insertions or deletions

Question 6

___ ___ are random and can be selected for by some kind of pressure (naturally) can be advantageous or detrimental

Answer 6

spontaneous mutation

Question 7

reversion mutation or suppressor mutation causes what

Answer 7

mutant —> wild type

Question 8

(reversion mutation) a second mutation at the same original mutation site changes ____ and ____ back to normal

Answer 8

genotype and phenotype

Question 9

in the suppressor mutation ( not at original mutation site) genotype is mutated twice but only changes ____

Answer 9

phenotype; the surpressor mutation ends up cancelling out original mutation

Question 10

mutant gene leads to mutant ____ leads to phenotypic difference

Answer 10

protein

Question 11

lethal mutation, morphology, conditional mutants, biochemical and resistant mutant all cause

Answer 11

phenotypic changes

Question 12

microbe unable to grow in absense of molecule

Answer 12

auxotroph

Question 13

isolating a mutant will allow direct selection of mutation (mutant will have “selectable” quality; such as resistance to certain antibiotic)

Answer 13

mutant isolation

Question 14

only mutants will grow in presense of ____ quality (mutation)

Answer 14

selectable

Question 15

grow microbes under non-selective conditions; then take bacteria which have specific changes and grow them on selective media and non selective; what is this called

Answer 15

replica planting

Question 16

a resistant colony would ___ and the non resistant would be

Answer 16

alive; not growing

Question 17

transfer of genetic material between organisms (not direct descendants)

Answer 17

horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

transformation, cojugation and transduction are all ways to do

Answer 18

horizontal gene transfer

Question 19

in griffiths rough strain, smooth strain DNA was passed by

Answer 19

homologous recombination

Question 20

in homologous recombination DNA segments are recombined; integrate ___ DNA and repair strand breaks

Answer 20

new

Question 21

homologous recombination requires exact same ____ sequence (where the specific mutation is)

Answer 21

DNA

Question 22

the smooth strain has a portion which encodes for a ____; rough strain did not have this gene (only capsule is changing with homologous recombination)

Answer 22

capsule

Question 23

the capsule of smooth strain was protective and made it impossible for mice to ______
(polysaccharide in capsule makes colonies look smooth (S.pneumonia)

Answer 23

defend against it

Question 24

with homologous recombination ____ strain is able to pick up capsule gene

Answer 24

rough

Question 25

homologous recombination can be a complete ___ or just a ____

Answer 25

transfer; patch

Question 26

rec a ___ recombination event (recombinase)

Answer 26

drives

Question 27

random bits of DNA, phage DNA, and plasmids are _____ DNA; they are transposable elements

Answer 27

mobile

Question 28

plasmids can be ____ into chromosome and in genome but still not needed

Answer 28

integrated

Question 29

"jumping genes" - do transposition; they integrate into another DNA molecule through insertion sequences

Answer 29

transposable elements

Question 30

only about 1000 base pairs and flanked by inverted repeats; have transposase genes

Answer 30

insertion sequences

Question 31

longer; have 2 identcal insertion sequence elements with genes in the middle (can be antibiotic resistance genes)

Answer 31

transposons

Question 32

short target sequence; transposase makes double stranded break in target; transposon is placed into new DNA and target sequence is _____ during transposition on either side of transposon

Answer 32

duplicated

Question 33

known as "cut and paste"; transposon jumps from donor DNA to target DNA

Answer 33

conservative transposition

Question 34

known as 'copy and paste'; transposon copies and moves to target sequence but stays in original chromosome

Answer 34

replicative transposition

Question 35

transfer of free DNA fragment

Answer 35

transformation

Question 36

direct transfer of DNA between microbes

Answer 36

conjugation

Question 37

transfer by phages of DNA

Answer 37

transduction

Question 38

plasmid and transposon are examples of

Answer 38

free DNA

Question 39

a ____ cell is receptive to new DNA (this type of cell will take up free DNA)

Answer 39

compotent

Question 40

streptococcus and neisseria are not competent; true or false?

Answer 40

false

Question 41

the naturally competent species produce receptor proteins and have ___ ___

Answer 41

uptake systems

Question 42

what ways can competent be induced

Answer 42

manipulating membrane by electric shock ot calcium chloride

Question 43

transfer of DNA directly between bacteria (donor and recipient); often how plasmids are transferred

Answer 43

conjugation

Question 44

the ___ plasmid is transferred by conjugation and has a sex pilus

Answer 44

F

Question 45

the F+ is a microbe that has

Answer 45

sex pillus and F plasmid

Question 46

F+ microbe attaches sex pilus to F- and then pulls it closer for direct contact; end result?

Answer 46

tranfer of plasmid; two F+ microbes

Question 47

___ plasmid integrates into host chromosome; waits for conjugation (takes host genes with it)

Answer 47

F

Question 48

f plasmids are called ____ because they bring with them a lot of different genes

Answer 48

hfr (high freq. recombinants)