exam three (genetic mutation) Flashcards
heritable changes in DNA (mutant vs. wild type)
mutations
mutation of single base pair (does not always cause problems)
point mutation
______ mutations in prokaryotes happen because they replicate much faster; polymerase is more error prone
spontaneous
mispairing of nucleotides mutation
base changes
strand slipping causes ____ or _____
insertions or deletions
___ ___ are random and can be selected for by some kind of pressure (naturally) can be advantageous or detrimental
spontaneous mutation
reversion mutation or suppressor mutation causes what
mutant —> wild type
(reversion mutation) a second mutation at the same original mutation site changes ____ and ____ back to normal
genotype and phenotype
in the suppressor mutation ( not at original mutation site) genotype is mutated twice but only changes ____
phenotype; the surpressor mutation ends up cancelling out original mutation
mutant gene leads to mutant ____ leads to phenotypic difference
protein
lethal mutation, morphology, conditional mutants, biochemical and resistant mutant all cause
phenotypic changes
microbe unable to grow in absense of molecule
auxotroph
isolating a mutant will allow direct selection of mutation (mutant will have “selectable” quality; such as resistance to certain antibiotic)
mutant isolation
only mutants will grow in presense of ____ quality (mutation)
selectable
grow microbes under non-selective conditions; then take bacteria which have specific changes and grow them on selective media and non selective; what is this called
replica planting
a resistant colony would ___ and the non resistant would be
alive; not growing
transfer of genetic material between organisms (not direct descendants)
horizontal gene transfer
transformation, cojugation and transduction are all ways to do
horizontal gene transfer
in griffiths rough strain, smooth strain DNA was passed by
homologous recombination
