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microbiology > exam one > Flashcards

exam one Flashcards

1
Q

microbes can be both ___ and ____

A

beneficial, detrimental

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2
Q

what are the cellular entities that can be studied in microbiology

A

fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea

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3
Q

what are the acellular entities that can be studied in microbiology

A

viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions

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4
Q

what acellular entity has protein and nucleic acid

A

viruses

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5
Q

what acellular entity has RNA (no proteins and infects plants by damaged tissue

A

viroids

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6
Q

what acellular entity has RNA and have to work with viruses to infect

A

virusoids

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7
Q

what acellular entity has protein only and no nucleic acid

A

prions

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8
Q

____ are highly conserved throughout a species

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

prokaryotes have _ rRNA

A

16S

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10
Q

eukaryotes have _ rRNA (carl woese)

A

18s

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11
Q

what are the 3 domains of life (carl woese)

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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12
Q

the 3 domains of life are built off of differences of their ____

A

ribosomes

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13
Q

archaea are not ___

A

bacteria

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14
Q

who is the father of microbiology

A

antony van ludenberg

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15
Q

what is the notion that living organisms can develop from nonliving matter

A

spontaneous generation

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16
Q

who discredited spontaneous generation (meat in three containers: uncovered had maggots, covered with paper had no maggots, covered with gauze had maggots on surface of guaze)

A

francesco redi

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17
Q

if dust and particles don’t get into a reaction flask what was found (louis pasteur)

A

no spontaneous generation

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18
Q

who said that dust carries germs

A

john tyndall

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19
Q

what is the germ theory

A

microbes come from microbes

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20
Q

what allowed us to isolate suspected pathogens to isolate them as cause of disease

A

kochs’s postulate

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21
Q

to find the causitive agent the initial culture and final culture must be ____

A

identical

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22
Q

koch’s postulates also showed that ____ cause disease

A

microbes

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23
Q

penicillin discovery

A

alexander fleming

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24
Q

antiseptic surgery

A

joseph lister

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25
Q

wash hands with calcium chloride to get rid of childbed fever

A

ignaz semmelweis

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26
Q

unique to gram positive bacteria, they are extremely resistant, dormant seeds (form within a bacterium)

A

endospores

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27
Q

endospores have ____ so that they can give rise to a fully functioning bacterium (has layers of membranes and protection)

A

DNA

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28
Q

when a bacterium is active and replicating that is called

A

vegetation cycle

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29
Q

forming a spore is called

A

sporulation

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30
Q

the sporulation replicates completely, there is a full copy of ___; mother cell has two full copies of DNA

A

DNA

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31
Q

When the mother cell ___ it releases the endospore

A

lyses

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32
Q

The free endospore waits for a ___; when it finds a host it goes into a ____ phase (where conditions are favorable)

A

host, germination

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33
Q

the endosymbiotic theory

A

large eukaryotic cell swallowed small prokaryote (have symbiotic relationship)

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34
Q

what does a gram stain result tell you

A

what cells are gram - (pink) and gram + (purple)

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35
Q

what is the counterstain which stains gram - cells

A

safranin

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36
Q

what stain stains all cells purple (gram - and gram +)

A

crystal violet

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37
Q

iodine is the ____ step in gram staining and acts as a _____

A

second, mordant

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38
Q

a chemical that forms insoluble complexes with a dye (Covalent bond)

A

mordant

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39
Q

decolorizing with alcohol (20 sec.) means that which cells will lose color

A

only gram -

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40
Q

gram __ cells have a peptidoglycan wall that is 10x thicker than gram ___

A

positive, negative

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41
Q

meshlike polymer composed of identical subunits

A

peptidoglycan

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42
Q

the two structural sugars for the peptidoglycan backbone are (they alternate every other)

A

NAG and NAM

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43
Q

the chains of linked peptidoglycan subunits are ____ ____

A

cross linked

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44
Q

peptide links that attach to the backbone, only attach to the ____ sugar

A

NAM

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45
Q

monomer of peptidoglycan is

A

NAG, NAM and a peptide link on NAM

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46
Q

the peptide link is _ amino acids long

A

4

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47
Q

the __ amino acid of the peptidoglycan is unique because it is the only one found in nature

A

D

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48
Q

_ amino acids are much more resistant to chemical attacks by peptidases

A

D

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49
Q

DAP is found in only

A

gram -

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50
Q

DAP is replaced by ____ in gram +

A

L-lysine

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51
Q

___ direct peptide cross links with D-alanine (in Gram -)

A

DAP

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52
Q

in gram + there is no direct ____ link

A

peptide

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53
Q

in gram + one peptide ( L-lysine) connects to ______ structure

A

interbridge

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54
Q

tichoac and lipotichoic acid are present in gram _

A

+

55
Q

The D- alanine is repeated in the monomer of peptidoglycan, as a ___

A

backup

56
Q

the peptidoglycan reacts with _____, which stays in the membrane (the phosphate group on bactoprenol specifically attached)

A

bactoprenol

57
Q

what enzyme flips monomer and bactoprenol to other side of membrane

A

flippase

58
Q

____ glues in backbone (links peptides); facilitates cross linking

A

transglycosylase

59
Q

reaction that forms cross links is called

A

transpeptidation

60
Q

penicillin inhibits the ____ of the peptide strands and stops it from building peptidoglycan (hits gram + harder)

A

cross linking

61
Q

the penicillin binding protein _____ the cross linking (transpeptidase)

A

catalyzes

62
Q

______ digest peptidoglycan in order to help bacterium grow

A

autolysin (breaks peptide bonds to insert more monomer strands)

63
Q

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, teichoic acid and lipotechoic acid

A

gram +

64
Q

teichoic and lipotechoic acid are ___ triggers for host

A

immune

65
Q

covalently links proteins to peptidoglycan; attachs lipo and techoic acid to gram + bacterium

A

sortase

66
Q

thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane contains LPS and porins; has very protective outer membrane so it doesn’t need thick peptidoglycan

A

gram -

67
Q

in the gram stain the alcohol ____ the membrane, so the gram _ will dehydrate first because it has less peptidoglycan

A

dehydrate, -

68
Q

the O-specific-polysac. is an ____; a focal point for your immune system, it is an identifier for a pathogen (apart of LPA)

A

immunogen

69
Q

Lipid A is an ____ and it is toxic (apart of LPA) when immune system starts to break it down it is toxic even as an exotoxin

A

endotoxin

70
Q

cell wall functions in microbe

A

support cell shape, protect from toxic substances, osmotic protection, contribute to pathogenicity, immune system recognition, target for antimicrobials

71
Q

examples of cell wall contributing to pathogenicity (ability to cause infection)

A

LPS (endotoxin) and peptidoglycan (NAG residues trigger immune response and are toxic)

72
Q

immune system recognition examples

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern (turn on immune system, recognized by PRRs —> pattern recognition receptors (on phagocytes))

73
Q

one step secretion process for gram + and gram - bacteria, works to get protein into periplasm

A

sec secretion

74
Q

a type II secretion starts in ____and moves proteins out of gram - into extracellular fluid

A

periplasm

75
Q

tat pathway is for ____ proteins

A

folded

76
Q

sec is for ____ proteins

A

non folded

77
Q

need two step secretion for gram _ bacteria

A

negative

78
Q

a type V pathway is ____ step

A

two

79
Q

in type V , protein makes it own channel and is called an _____; uses sec then its own channel

A

autotransporter

80
Q

type I, III IV, VI are ____ step secretion pathways

A

one

81
Q

most proteins in gram - bacteria are secreted in type ___

A

I

82
Q

IV is a ____ transporter

A

DNA

83
Q

III IV, VI move into ____, span 3 membranes

A

host

84
Q

III is a _____ transport

A

toxin

85
Q

prokaryotic cells have membrane bound organelled, true or false?

A

false

86
Q

no defining membrane but holds DNA in prokaryotic

A

nucleoid

87
Q

prokaryotic cells have a membrane and a ___ ___

A

cell wall

88
Q

bacteria have ____ in their cytoplasmic membrane which acts similar to our cholesterol (stabilizes membrane by adding to rigidity)

A

haponoids

89
Q

bacteria and eukaryotes have a fatty acid tail and glycerol linkage, called an _____ linkage

A

ester

90
Q

what prokaryotic cells have an ether linkage connecting their glycerol and fatty acid tails (an ether linkage is more stable and allows less chemical activity

A

archaea

91
Q

archae libe in _____ environments

A

extreme

92
Q

on fatty acid tails archaea have _____ groups which are unique, they also can be either ___ or mono layered

A

isoprene, bi

93
Q

enahanced stability for archaea coming from attaching their fatty acid tails which is done by creating /____

A

tetraethers

94
Q

no outer membrane on gram + or -

A

gram positive

95
Q

_____ acid attaches to phospholipid in membrane; goes all the way through thick peptidoglycan

A

lipoteichoic

96
Q

outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan is what bacteria

A

gram -

97
Q

the peptidoglycan in gram - bacterium is found in

A

periplasm

98
Q

the gram - bacterium has ____ that allow thing to move into periplasm

A

porins

99
Q

prokaryotes: one component of the cytoskeleton forms rings at the center of cells when they are dividing and forms a septum for dividng

A

FtsZ (like human tubulin)

100
Q

prokaryotes have ___ in rods (but not cocci) maintains rod shape and aligns peptidoglycan

A

MreB

101
Q

in prokaryotes, storage spaces for glycogen, gas and protein, they provide an energy source and have specialized functions (no defining phospholipid layer)

A

inclusion bodies

102
Q

storage of magnetic material, created when membrane invaginates, bound by phospholipid bilayer

A

magnetosome

103
Q

in prokaryotes only organelles needed for survival will be unbound, so magnetosomes are membrane bound, true or false

A

true

104
Q

have circular chromosome and no histones (have proteins that compact DNA but not histones)

A

bacteria

105
Q

have circular chromosomes but some have histones

A

archaea

106
Q

small, closed circular DNA molecules, independent of chromosomes and replicate on their own

A

plasmids (prok. can have a lot or none)

107
Q

genes (<5%) in plasmids are usually not essential but offer a ____ ____

A

selective advantage (antibiotic resistance, virulence, metabolism)

108
Q

toxins that kill competing bacteria

A

bacteriotoxins

109
Q

prokaryotes have ___ which prevent phagocytosis and antibody recognition

A

capsules

110
Q

bacteria or cells capture, digested and degraded, what is this process

A

phagocytosis

111
Q

____ and ____ are both structures on the outside of the prokaryote

A

pili and flagella

112
Q

peritrichous prokaryote (lots of flagella) are moved forward by what

A

counterclock wise movement of bundled flagella
the flagella spread apart and the cell tumbles (clockwise rotation)
and then the counterclock wise movement happens again

113
Q

polar (unidirectional) flagellum of prokary.

A

when there is a CCW rotation, cell runs and CW rotation causes the cell to reverse

114
Q

polar (Reversible )

A

CCW cell runs, CW rotation, cell reverses

115
Q

what bacteria have periplasmic flagella

A

spirochetes

116
Q

flagella has a ___ ___ that extends through membrane(s) and comes out to surface ans attaches to a ____ which attaches to the _____ (made up of flagellin protein)

A

basal body (is a motor), hook, filament

117
Q

flagellar assembly is characterized by

A

putting a basal body togther with a hook, everything adds to the tip of the flagellum (growth from tip not base)

118
Q

proton motive forces drive the ____ ____ as a motor

A

basal body

119
Q

movement toward or away from a chemical, chemoreceptors recognize chemicals

A

chemotaxis

120
Q

when there is a ____ attractant runs are longer towards chemoattrac. however tumbles are still random (tumbles are also shorter and stopped if they are in the wrong direction)

A

chemo

121
Q

sec secretion is found in all bacteria true or false?

A

true

122
Q

spanning one membrane is enough for gram +

A

sec

123
Q

type II pathway takes protein from sec and moves that protein through periplasm, ___ ____ and into extracellular space

A

outer membrane

124
Q

the type VI secretion pathway has two confirmations and spans into ____

A

host

125
Q

archael cell walls have no ______

A

peptidoglycan

126
Q

The cell wall of archaea have ______; made up of protein and glycoprotein called S layers

A

pseudomurein

127
Q

The Pseudomurei has NAG or NAM

A

NAG

128
Q

NAM is replaced by (in archaea)

A

N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

129
Q

In archaea there are no L or D amino acids

A

D

130
Q

Fungal cell walls are simple, made up of long chains of ______, has chitin

A

polysaccharides

131
Q

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup is a mnemonic for

A

somain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species

132
Q

proteobacteria are gram _ and are the _____ phylum

A

negative, largest

133
Q

there are 5 classes of proteobacteria

A

alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon

134
Q
A

microbiology (17 decks)

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