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microbiology > exam two (nutrition and growth) > Flashcards

exam two (nutrition and growth) Flashcards

1
Q

microbes grow by making __ of themselves

A

copies

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2
Q

most microbes grow by ___ __

A

binary fission

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3
Q

binarry fission gives you what

A

two equal cells

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4
Q

ends in unequal products of cell division

A

simple budding

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5
Q

budding from ____ is also cell division

A

hyphae

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6
Q

polar growth without ____ of cell size is cell growht

A

differentiation

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7
Q

most microbes need ___ ___ such as amino acids, purines and pyrimidines and vitamins

A

growth factors

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8
Q

two different energy sources for microbes

A

chemical (chem) and light (photo)

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9
Q

chemoorganotrophs eat what

A

organic chemicals

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10
Q

chemolithotrophs eat what

A

inorganic chemicals

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11
Q

autotroph and heterotroph tell us ____ source

A

carbon

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12
Q

lithotroph and organotroph tells us ___ source

A

electron

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13
Q

what is a autotrophs carbon source

A

CO2

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14
Q

what is a heterotrophs carbon source

A

organic molecules

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15
Q

photolithoautotroph means

A

eats light (energy), inorganic materials (electrons) and co2 (carbon)

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16
Q

passive transport can be divided into

A

diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

no energy required for ___; high to low concentration

A

diffusion

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18
Q

no energy required for transport but a permease helps things high to low

A

faciliatted diffusion (permease is the enzyme for bacteria)

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19
Q

antiport or symport are part of ____ ____

A

simple transport

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20
Q

___ transport, ATP provides the energy and it is hydrolyzed, then brings in subtance

A

ABC

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20
Q

microbes cannot degrade ___

A

agar

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20
Q

Group translocation transfers a ___ and is transferred from enzyme to enzyme to provde energy to bring something inside

A

phosphate

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21
Q

in a liquid microbes grow in ____

A

suspension

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22
Q

defined medium means the list of ingredients are ____ and known

A

measured

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23
Q

is macconkey complex or simple

A

complex

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24
Q

macconkey is differential and selective; why?

A

The MacConkey agar is selective for Gram -, and has pH indicator for lactose fermenters

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25
Q

what pH indicator is in MacConkey

A

neutral red

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26
Q

Mannitol is selective and differential for what

A

selective for salt lovers and inhibits gram -; differential for mannitol fermenters

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27
Q

mannitol has what pH indicator

A

phenol red

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28
Q

a pure culture is a

A

population of identical cells

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29
Q

in a ____ plate , the colonies are evenly dispersed

A

spread

30
Q

an aggregation of microorganisms developed from a single cell

A

colony

31
Q

what growth phase shows microbes adjusting to new medium; will be unique to each microbe

A

lag phase

32
Q

after the lag phase microbe growth is ___

A

exponential

33
Q

microbes growing exponentially and doubled growth rate, balanced growth

A

exponential phase

34
Q

cellular components made at contanst rates

A

balanced growth

35
Q

in what growth curve phase does grwoth rate = death rate, nutrient limitation and pop. growth ceases

A

stationary phase

36
Q

grwoth curve phase where cells die and are viable (not culturable); progammed cell death

A

death phase

37
Q

you can only calculate growth rate in ____ phase (because its linear)

A

exponential

38
Q

Nt=No2^n

A

growth rate

39
Q

k is the growth rate constant which is

A

n/t

40
Q

when using a grid to count microbes ___ of sample matters

A

amount

41
Q

____ dilutions are another way to count microbes

A

serial

42
Q

each tube in a serial dilution is ___ fold more diluted than the tube before it

A

10

43
Q

a machine used to measure density of microbes in solution

A

spectrophotometer

44
Q

The optical density (absorbance) is increased with more ____

A

microbes

45
Q

if temp. is too low or too high, above or below minimal threshold for microbe what happens

A

no metabolic activity

46
Q

if temp. is too high microbes proteins ___

A

unfold

47
Q

cold loving bacterium (0-20 C); have cold stable proteins

A

psychrophile

48
Q

(0-40; 20-40 optimum); microbes that live in fridgerator and contibute to food spoilage

A

psychotolerant

49
Q

(8-48; 20-40); human pathogens are usually this

A

mesophiles

50
Q

(45-80) heat stable proteins and lipids

A

thermophiles

51
Q

(55-120); have extreme heat stability

A

hyperthermophiles

52
Q

DNA polymerase comes thermus aquaticus for ___, ____ polymerase

A

PCR, TAQ

53
Q

pH < 5.5

A

acidophile

54
Q

5.5<pH>8</pH>

A

neutrophiles

55
Q

microbes have to keep internal pH between ____

A

5-9

56
Q

ph>8

A

alkaliphile

57
Q

water quantity and solute conc. matter in terms of water ___ for microbes

A

availability

58
Q

pure water has Aw or water activity of

A

1

59
Q

most microbes are ____; this is why water activity and quantity is important

A

hypertonic

60
Q

microbes have ways to deal with ____ pressures

A

osmotic

61
Q

microbes make ____ ___ to control the way water moves (so water doesnt come in)

A

compatible solutes

62
Q

microbes that live in high solute conc. (make adaptations to not lose water)

A

osmophile

63
Q

microbes live in dry environments

A

xerophile

64
Q

require a lot of salt to survive

A

halophile (0-12%)

65
Q

can tolerant high salt but prefers normal amount

A

halotolerant

66
Q

aerobes ____ oxygen

A

love

67
Q

facultative _____ can be tolerant each way; but prefers no oxygen

A

anaerobe

68
Q

____ needs just a little oxygen (too much or too little and it dies)

A

microaerophile

69
Q

aerotolerant correlation with oxygen

A

doesn’t need oxygen but can live anywhere

70
Q

likes high pressure environments (300-400atm)

A

piezophile

71
Q

single soil particle has different levels of oxyegn, in the deepest part of soil is ___ ___ and on surface is ____

A

strict anaerobes; aerobes

72
Q

_____ ____ can alter oxygen levels, they will grab it all if it is limited and then also survive when the oxygen is gone (make things difficult for microbes with strict demands)

A

facultative aerobes

73
Q

tolerate high pressure (1-300 atm)

A

piezotolerant

74
Q

(700-1100 atm) is what microbe

A

extreme piezophile (can only be studied in special pressurized chambers)

microbiology (17 decks)

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