exam two (nutrition and growth)

Question 1

microbes grow by making __ of themselves

Answer 1

copies

Question 2

most microbes grow by ___ __

Answer 2

binary fission

Question 3

binarry fission gives you what

Answer 3

two equal cells

Question 4

ends in unequal products of cell division

Answer 4

simple budding

Question 5

budding from ____ is also cell division

Answer 5

hyphae

Question 6

polar growth without ____ of cell size is cell growht

Answer 6

differentiation

Question 7

most microbes need ___ ___ such as amino acids, purines and pyrimidines and vitamins

Answer 7

growth factors

Question 8

two different energy sources for microbes

Answer 8

chemical (chem) and light (photo)

Question 9

chemoorganotrophs eat what

Answer 9

organic chemicals

Question 10

chemolithotrophs eat what

Answer 10

inorganic chemicals

Question 11

autotroph and heterotroph tell us ____ source

Answer 11

carbon

Question 12

lithotroph and organotroph tells us ___ source

Answer 12

electron

Question 13

what is a autotrophs carbon source

Answer 13

CO2

Question 14

what is a heterotrophs carbon source

Answer 14

organic molecules

Question 15

photolithoautotroph means

Answer 15

eats light (energy), inorganic materials (electrons) and co2 (carbon)

Question 16

passive transport can be divided into

Answer 16

diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Question 17

no energy required for ___; high to low concentration

Answer 17

diffusion

Question 18

no energy required for transport but a permease helps things high to low

Answer 18

faciliatted diffusion (permease is the enzyme for bacteria)

Question 19

antiport or symport are part of ____ ____

Answer 19

simple transport

Question 20

___ transport, ATP provides the energy and it is hydrolyzed, then brings in subtance

Answer 20

ABC

Question 20

microbes cannot degrade ___

Answer 20

agar

Question 20

Group translocation transfers a ___ and is transferred from enzyme to enzyme to provde energy to bring something inside

Answer 20

phosphate

Question 21

in a liquid microbes grow in ____

Answer 21

suspension

Question 22

defined medium means the list of ingredients are ____ and known

Answer 22

measured

Question 23

is macconkey complex or simple

Answer 23

complex

Question 24

macconkey is differential and selective; why?

Answer 24

The MacConkey agar is selective for Gram -, and has pH indicator for lactose fermenters

Question 25

what pH indicator is in MacConkey

Answer 25

neutral red

Question 26

Mannitol is selective and differential for what

Answer 26

selective for salt lovers and inhibits gram -; differential for mannitol fermenters

Question 27

mannitol has what pH indicator

Answer 27

phenol red

Question 28

a pure culture is a

Answer 28

population of identical cells

Question 29

in a ____ plate , the colonies are evenly dispersed

Answer 29

spread

Question 30

an aggregation of microorganisms developed from a single cell

Answer 30

colony

Question 31

what growth phase shows microbes adjusting to new medium; will be unique to each microbe

Answer 31

lag phase

Question 32

after the lag phase microbe growth is ___

Answer 32

exponential

Question 33

microbes growing exponentially and doubled growth rate, balanced growth

Answer 33

exponential phase

Question 34

cellular components made at contanst rates

Answer 34

balanced growth

Question 35

in what growth curve phase does grwoth rate = death rate, nutrient limitation and pop. growth ceases

Answer 35

stationary phase

Question 36

grwoth curve phase where cells die and are viable (not culturable); progammed cell death

Answer 36

death phase

Question 37

you can only calculate growth rate in ____ phase (because its linear)

Answer 37

exponential

Question 38

Nt=No2^n

Answer 38

growth rate

Question 39

k is the growth rate constant which is

Answer 39

n/t

Question 40

when using a grid to count microbes ___ of sample matters

Answer 40

amount

Question 41

____ dilutions are another way to count microbes

Answer 41

serial

Question 42

each tube in a serial dilution is ___ fold more diluted than the tube before it

Answer 42

10

Question 43

a machine used to measure density of microbes in solution

Answer 43

spectrophotometer

Question 44

The optical density (absorbance) is increased with more ____

Answer 44

microbes

Question 45

if temp. is too low or too high, above or below minimal threshold for microbe what happens

Answer 45

no metabolic activity

Question 46

if temp. is too high microbes proteins ___

Answer 46

unfold

Question 47

cold loving bacterium (0-20 C); have cold stable proteins

Answer 47

psychrophile

Question 48

(0-40; 20-40 optimum); microbes that live in fridgerator and contibute to food spoilage

Answer 48

psychotolerant

Question 49

(8-48; 20-40); human pathogens are usually this

Answer 49

mesophiles

Question 50

(45-80) heat stable proteins and lipids

Answer 50

thermophiles

Question 51

(55-120); have extreme heat stability

Answer 51

hyperthermophiles

Question 52

DNA polymerase comes thermus aquaticus for ___, ____ polymerase

Answer 52

PCR, TAQ

Question 53

pH < 5.5

Answer 53

acidophile

Question 54

5.58

Answer 54

neutrophiles

Question 55

microbes have to keep internal pH between ____

Answer 55

5-9

Question 56

ph>8

Answer 56

alkaliphile

Question 57

water quantity and solute conc. matter in terms of water ___ for microbes

Answer 57

availability

Question 58

pure water has Aw or water activity of

Answer 58

1

Question 59

most microbes are ____; this is why water activity and quantity is important

Answer 59

hypertonic

Question 60

microbes have ways to deal with ____ pressures

Answer 60

osmotic

Question 61

microbes make ____ ___ to control the way water moves (so water doesnt come in)

Answer 61

compatible solutes

Question 62

microbes that live in high solute conc. (make adaptations to not lose water)

Answer 62

osmophile

Question 63

microbes live in dry environments

Answer 63

xerophile

Question 64

require a lot of salt to survive

Answer 64

halophile (0-12%)

Question 65

can tolerant high salt but prefers normal amount

Answer 65

halotolerant

Question 66

aerobes ____ oxygen

Answer 66

love

Question 67

facultative _____ can be tolerant each way; but prefers no oxygen

Answer 67

anaerobe

Question 68

____ needs just a little oxygen (too much or too little and it dies)

Answer 68

microaerophile

Question 69

aerotolerant correlation with oxygen

Answer 69

doesn't need oxygen but can live anywhere

Question 70

likes high pressure environments (300-400atm)

Answer 70

piezophile

Question 71

single soil particle has different levels of oxyegn, in the deepest part of soil is ___ ___ and on surface is ____

Answer 71

strict anaerobes; aerobes

Question 72

_____ ____ can alter oxygen levels, they will grab it all if it is limited and then also survive when the oxygen is gone (make things difficult for microbes with strict demands)

Answer 72

facultative aerobes

Question 73

tolerate high pressure (1-300 atm)

Answer 73

piezotolerant

Question 74

(700-1100 atm) is what microbe

Answer 74

extreme piezophile (can only be studied in special pressurized chambers)