exam three (antimicrobial therapy)

Question 1

_____ cause disease

Answer 1

microbes

Question 2

who found that trypan red kills trypanosomes

Answer 2

paul ehrlich

Question 3

paul ehrlich also found that arsphenamine treats _____

Answer 3

syphilis

Question 4

arsphenamine kills the microbe but not the human which gave it what name

Answer 4

“magic bullet”

Question 5

gerhard domagk found ___ which treats both staph and strep

Answer 5

prontosil

Question 6

pronotsil works because it is metabolized to sulfanilimide; which provides ____ and kill microbe (sulfa drugs)

Answer 6

protection

Question 7

alexander fleming came up with

Answer 7

penicillin

Question 8

mold had taken up residence on a plate and inhibited ____ growth around the mold

Answer 8

staph (colonies would lyse and die around the mold)

Question 9

mold releases antimicrobial penicillin to compete with bacteria; it is a natural ____

Answer 9

antibiotic

Question 10

antimicrobial chemotherapy that kills microbes but not you has

Answer 10

selective toxicity

Question 11

what are the antimicrobial agents

Answer 11

antibiotics
synthetic

Question 12

antimicrobial chemotherapy can be ____ or ____ spectrum

Answer 12

narrow; broad

Question 13

antibiotic is _____ produced

Answer 13

naturally

Question 14

kill microbe but synthetic (modified natural antibiotic)

Answer 14

synthetic antimicrobial agent

Question 15

broad spectrum has effect on ____ bacteria (ex. all gram + species)

Answer 15

many

Question 16

narrow spectrum are ____ effective; have to know specific species

Answer 16

less

Question 17

least amount of antibiotic need to stop microbe (can be cidal or static)

Answer 17

minimum inhibitory concentration

Question 18

to find min. inhibitory conc. you have tubes with increasing concentration of antibiotic and look for

Answer 18

opaqueness (max. growth) should be seen in 0 antibiotic conc. tube

Question 19

the least amount of antibiotic that showed no growth is your (just stop growth; not yet looking for killing numbers)

Answer 19

min. inhibitory conc.

Question 20

want an antibiotic that will kill microbe at least amount this is (cidal)

Answer 20

min. lethal concentration

Question 21

(add antibiotic disk to plate) zone of clearance shows bacteria that have died and the outer edges of the ring is the min. conc. (qual.)

Answer 21

kirby bauer method

Question 22

strip inoculated with different conc. of antimicrobial; zone of clearance will give you MIC (min. inhib. conc.) based off where zone of clearance stops

Answer 22

Etest

Question 23

smaller zone of clearance means ____ antimicrobial; ___ use of MIC needed

Answer 23

less effective; less

Question 24

the least amount of ____ is better for humans and to prevent resistance

Answer 24

MIC

Question 25

things that can be manupilated in prokaryotes (antimicrobial therapy)

Answer 25

cell wall, membrane, metabolism, Nuc. acid synth. , protein synthesis

Question 26

Beta lactam ring (similiar to D-Ala- D-Ala) is required for ____ to work

Answer 26

penicillin

Question 27

penicillin (cell wall inhibitors) has more effect on gram ___

Answer 27

+

Question 28

peniciliin binding protein works as a transpeptidase to elongate ____; penicillin blocks this

Answer 28

peptidoglycan

Question 29

penicillin __ and __ are natural (come from penicillium)

Answer 29

G and V

Question 30

semi-synthetic penicillin (cell wall inhibitors) have had change to ___ ____ ring

Answer 30

beta lactam

Question 31

methicillin and oxacillin are resistant to ___ ____ (semisynthetic)

Answer 31

beta lactamase

Question 32

ampicillin and carbenicillin are __ ___ senstitive (semisynthetic)

Answer 32

beta. lactamase

Question 33

alot of people can be hypersensitive to the ___

Answer 33

cillin's

Question 34

cephalosporins (cell wall inhibitors) are ____ ____ and have Beta-lactam ring

Answer 34

natural antibiotic

Question 35

glypeptides (cell wall inhibitors) have _____

Answer 35

vancomyocin

Question 36

vancomyosin works on G _ and binds to d-ala-d-ala

Answer 36

+

Question 37

vancomyosin attaches to D-Ala and blocks transpeptidase by hiding d-ala from ______ ____ ___

Answer 37

penicillin binding proteins

Question 38

vancomyosin is a last resort because it has a lot of ____

Answer 38

resistance

Question 39

protein synthesis inhibitors bind to ____; can be 30s or 50s

Answer 39

ribosome

Question 40

______- are amino sugars which bind to 30s; bactericidal for G- (protein synthesis inhibitors)

Answer 40

aminoglycosides

Question 41

waksman screened 10,000 strains looking for _______; first drug for TB

Answer 41

streptomycin

Question 42

streptomycin can be toxic causes

Answer 42

deafness, kidney damage

Question 43

_____ bind 30s; broad spectrum (will kill any gram + or -) bacteriostatic (stop growth); (protein synthesis inhibitors)

Answer 43

tetracyclines

Question 44

tetracycline allows your immune system time to get an immune response by being _____

Answer 44

bacteriostatic

Question 45

tetracyclines can be toxic causing

Answer 45

kidney and liver damage, yellow teeth

Question 46

______ (protein synthesis inhibitors) have lactone rings and sugars bind 50s; broad spectrum (mostly natural)

Answer 46

macrolides

Question 47

synthesis inhibitor that inhibit DNA/RNA polymerase, DNA helicase (prokaryotic unique)

Answer 47

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Question 48

synthetic, bacteriocidal, broad spectrum (ciproflaxacin); inhibits DNA synthesis in human cell and bacterial cell (nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors)

Answer 48

quinolones; fluoroquinolones

Question 49

inhibitor which blocks metabolic pathways; using structural analogs; bacteriostatic

Answer 49

antimetabolites

Question 50

_____ use synthesis of folic acid to kill microbe (humans don't make it; but consume it; microbes make it) (antimetabolite)

Answer 50

sulfonamides; block production of folic acid

Question 51

____ combines with sulfa drug and are _____ at blocking two parts of metabolic (folic acid) pathway (antimetabolite)

Answer 51

trimethoprim; synergistic

Question 52

semisynthetic (cell membrane disruption); kills G +; binds to membrane and forms pores

Answer 52

daptomycin (cyclic lipopeptide)

Question 53

_____ binds membrane; makes it more permeable; gram - (highly toxic to injest) (cell membrane disruption)

Answer 53

polymyxin B

Question 54

main microbial clearance mechanism

Answer 54

immune system

Question 55

when immune system cannot effectively clear microorganism

Answer 55

infection

Question 56

resistance can be caused by ___ ___; drug can't get past outer membrane/layer

Answer 56

reduce uptake

Question 57

microbes can have ___ ___; takes things inside prokaryote that don't belong and pumps them out (multidrug resistant)

Answer 57

efflux pumps

Question 58

Beta-lactamase breaks __ ___ __; without the ring the drug cannot block peptidolycan synthesis (Effect on penicillin)

Answer 58

beta lactam ring

Question 59

microbe can ____ aminoglycosides; aids in resistance

Answer 59

acetylate

Question 60

enterococcus has changed D-Ala-D-Ala to D-Ala-D-Lac so that ____ cannot attach but works for cell wall

Answer 60

vancomyocin

Question 61

mutation, horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic resistant plasmids are all ___ ____

Answer 61

acquired resistance

Question 62

also acquired resistance can be caused by ____ of antimicrobials that selects for resistant strains

Answer 62

overuse

Question 63

____ use host cell machinery

Answer 63

viruses

Question 64

HIV: can use reverse trascriptase inhibitors to combat; AZT can be used to target viral ____ _____

Answer 64

DNA polymerases

Question 65

blocks influenze virus neuraminidase (budding protein) inhibits budding

Answer 65

tamiflu

Question 66

protease inhibitors can be used for ____ so that virus cannot make new viral strands

Answer 66

HIV

Question 67

fungal infections are hard to treat because they are ____

Answer 67

eukaryotes

Question 68

differences in fungi that can be targeted

Answer 68

sterold in membrane; chitin in cell wall; folate synthesis

Question 69

there can be __ or ____ mycoses depending on whether internal or external infection

Answer 69

superficial or systemic

Question 70

protozoans are hard to treats because they are _____

Answer 70

eukaryotic

Question 71

chloroquine is an antiprotozoan used for

Answer 71

malaria