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microbiology > exam four (pathogenesis) > Flashcards

exam four (pathogenesis) Flashcards

1
Q

an organism that causes diseases

A

pathogen

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2
Q

ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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3
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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4
Q

characteristic that confers virulence

A

virulence factor

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5
Q

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

A

parastitic

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6
Q

individual that is infected

A

host

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7
Q

something that stimulates immune response (typically associated with microbe)

A

immunogen (antigen)

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8
Q

protein made by immune system that attaches to microbes to turn on immune responses

A

antibody

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9
Q

when a pathogen is growing or multiplying in or on a host

A

infection

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10
Q

when host is not capable of controlling microbial activity

A

infectious disease

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11
Q

microbial load (can lead to infectious disease)

A

number of microorganisms

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12
Q

three factors in infectious disease

A

number of microorganisms; virulence; and host defenses

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13
Q

dose that is lethal

A

lethal dose

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14
Q

number of microbes needed to cause an infection

A

infectious dose (ID50)

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15
Q

amount of microbes or dose that kills 50% of hosts

A

LD 50

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16
Q

streptococcus pneumonia is highly virulent so the LD 50 requires _____ cells then salmonella enterica

A

less

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17
Q

always cause disease

A

professional pathogens

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18
Q

cause disease, if given an opportunity

A

opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

the oppurtunistic pathogens wait for

A

a break in barriers, immune system lowered, or compromised host (born with immuno suppression)

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20
Q

strep throat microbe; can colonize oral cavities and opportunistic

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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21
Q

skin infections microbe; opportunistic; lives on skin but causes disease inside skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

acne: opportunistic pathogen

A

proprionibacterium acnes

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23
Q

inflammation comes with

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

when microbial load is too high; innate immunity is not enough you need

A

acquired immunity; specific mechanisms

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25
Q

attacks extra-cellular pathogens; specific mechanisms (in blood and lymph)

A

humoral response

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26
Q

antibody in humoral response comes from

A

B-cell

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27
Q

attacks intracellular pathogens; specific mechanisms

A

cell mediated response

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28
Q

what cells are apart of the cell mediated response (slow; lock and key interaction)

A

cytotoxic T cells

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29
Q

the typical virus will reside within cells of organism

A

intracellular pathogens

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30
Q

typical bacterium; reside outside of organisms cell

A

extracellular

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31
Q

digest foreign particles (innate immunity)

A

phagocytes

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32
Q

virus or microbe is degraded in _____ (innate immunity)

A

lysosomes

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33
Q

neutrophil and macrophages phagocytose and make punctured tissue ____

A

sterile

34
Q

four major characteristics of inflammation

A

red, heat, swelling, pain

35
Q

the macrophage is an ____ ____ cell, it presents bits of captured microbes and presents it to T-cell

A

antigen-presenting

36
Q

once the T-cell has been shown microbe by macrophage it can produce

A

B cells or T cells based off reaction

37
Q

viruses can release by what two mechanisms

A

lysis or budding

38
Q

4 possible outcomes of viral infections

A

cell death, chronic infection, latent infection or cancer

39
Q

bacteria dont have tropism but they look for a ____

A

niche

40
Q

the more ____ ____ a bacterium has the more it can infect and integrate

A

virulence factors (survives lo0 nger intracellularly for this reason

41
Q

DNA segment with virulence gene clusters, have high GC content and are passed between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer

A

pathogenicity islands

42
Q

establishment of a microorganism in a particular niche then grow

A

colonization

43
Q

micorbes have ____ on end of pili or other proteins

A

adhesins

44
Q

adhesins have a small not super specific _____ to recognize specific receptors

A

tropism

45
Q

the pilus can use ___ or ____ penetration

A

passive; active

46
Q

when pilus uses passive penentration the micorbe is moving _____ damaged barrier

A

through

47
Q

when pilus ises active the microbe attaches to extracellular matrix and release enzymes to ____ surface

A

degrade; allows integration

48
Q

this adhesin can be attached to membrane and does not need a pilus

A

afimbrial

49
Q

the ___ protein has variable domain and resists phagocytosis by changing its variable end proteins (gram -; streptococcus)

A

M

50
Q

adhesive structures (3)

A

teichoic acids, capsules, flagella (non-specific)

51
Q

induce uptake or actively invade

A

invasion of host cell

52
Q

ways that invasion of tissues can happen

A

lytic enzymes, transcytosis, penetrate deeper tissues (hides here), systemic (enter blood stream)

53
Q

microbe which induces uptake, releases toxins that cause actin to phagocytose salmonella (manipulates target cell into becoming a phagocyte)

A

salmonella

54
Q

how does salmonella manipulate target cell into becoming a phagocyte

A

polymerization of its actin

55
Q

pathogen uses forceful entry and releases toxins needed to create a receptor for its own adhesions to attach to

A

toxoplasma gondii

56
Q

molecule that alters host cell function

A

toxins

57
Q

disease that results from a toxin

A

intoxication (botulism; tetanus)

58
Q

endotoxin which induces immune cells to release pyrogens (causes fever) and can cause septic shock

A

LPS (lipid A)

59
Q

secreted toxins (exotoxins): 3 categories (they are heat sensitive)

A

AB toxins, cytolytic, superantigens

60
Q

the a in the endotoxin is the ____ subunit (moves inside) and the b part in the endotoxin is ____ subunit

A

enzymatic; binding

61
Q

two types of AB toxins

A

diptheria, cholera, anthrax

62
Q

bind to cholesterol in host cell membranes; form and pore that allows cytoplasmic contents to leak out while toxin goes in

A

pore-forming toxins (E.coli)

63
Q

cytolytic toxin tat removes head group from phospholipids

A

phospholipase

64
Q

a ____ links macrophages to T cells

A

superantigen

65
Q

activate ___% of T cells with superantigen secrete massive amounts of inflammation

A

25 compared to normal 0.01%

66
Q

neutralizing antibodies

A

antitoxin

67
Q

inactivated toxins that can be used as vaccines

A

toxoids

68
Q

gram ___ bacteria use type three secretion

A

-

69
Q

where is the type three secretion system typically located

A

pathogenicity islands or virulence plasmids

70
Q

the type three secretion system brings and delivers a _____ directly into cytoplasm of host cells

A

toxins

71
Q

the type three secretion is triggered by what

A

host cell contact (such as salmonella)

72
Q

____ help streptococcus pneumoniae to resist phagocytosis

A

capsule (make pathogens slippery or it can make pathogen toxic)

73
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes can survive in ____

A

a phagocyte

74
Q

when a bacterium is living in a phagocyte the immune system cannot recognize the bacteria; what are three ways they resist being broken down

A

resist enzymes in lysosomes
prevent formation of lysososome and phagocyte binding
escape vacuole

75
Q

listeria accumulates ____ in the cell and uses it to propel itself to invade another cell; it is never extracellular

A

actin

76
Q

pathogens can kill the ____ to avoid being broken down

A

phagocyte

77
Q

pathogens can change the ____; which is alteration of immunogenic structures (gonorrhoeaedoes this with changing its pillus once the immune system recognizes it)

A

antigen

78
Q

the pathogens can make proteins that bind ____ and stop it from working

A

antibody
protein A staph
protein G strep

79
Q

____ are antibiotic resistant and resistant to immune system

A

biofilms

80
Q

a frustrated phagocyte makes a multi nucleated giant cell and releases cytokines on biolfilm; this causes what?

A

inflammation and overboard immune response

microbiology (17 decks)

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