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microbiology > exam four (pathogenesis) > Flashcards

exam four (pathogenesis) Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

an organism that causes diseases

A

pathogen

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2
Q

ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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3
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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4
Q

characteristic that confers virulence

A

virulence factor

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5
Q

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed

A

parastitic

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6
Q

individual that is infected

A

host

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7
Q

something that stimulates immune response (typically associated with microbe)

A

immunogen (antigen)

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8
Q

protein made by immune system that attaches to microbes to turn on immune responses

A

antibody

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9
Q

when a pathogen is growing or multiplying in or on a host

A

infection

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10
Q

when host is not capable of controlling microbial activity

A

infectious disease

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11
Q

microbial load (can lead to infectious disease)

A

number of microorganisms

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12
Q

three factors in infectious disease

A

number of microorganisms; virulence; and host defenses

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13
Q

dose that is lethal

A

lethal dose

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14
Q

number of microbes needed to cause an infection

A

infectious dose (ID50)

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15
Q

amount of microbes or dose that kills 50% of hosts

A

LD 50

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16
Q

streptococcus pneumonia is highly virulent so the LD 50 requires _____ cells then salmonella enterica

A

less

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17
Q

always cause disease

A

professional pathogens

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18
Q

cause disease, if given an opportunity

A

opportunistic pathogens

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19
Q

the oppurtunistic pathogens wait for

A

a break in barriers, immune system lowered, or compromised host (born with immuno suppression)

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20
Q

strep throat microbe; can colonize oral cavities and opportunistic

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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21
Q

skin infections microbe; opportunistic; lives on skin but causes disease inside skin

A

staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

acne: opportunistic pathogen

A

proprionibacterium acnes

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23
Q

inflammation comes with

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

when microbial load is too high; innate immunity is not enough you need

A

acquired immunity; specific mechanisms

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25
attacks extra-cellular pathogens; specific mechanisms (in blood and lymph)
humoral response
26
antibody in humoral response comes from
B-cell
27
attacks intracellular pathogens; specific mechanisms
cell mediated response
28
what cells are apart of the cell mediated response (slow; lock and key interaction)
cytotoxic T cells
29
the typical virus will reside within cells of organism
intracellular pathogens
30
typical bacterium; reside outside of organisms cell
extracellular
31
digest foreign particles (innate immunity)
phagocytes
32
virus or microbe is degraded in _____ (innate immunity)
lysosomes
33
neutrophil and macrophages phagocytose and make punctured tissue ____
sterile
34
four major characteristics of inflammation
red, heat, swelling, pain
35
the macrophage is an ____ ____ cell, it presents bits of captured microbes and presents it to T-cell
antigen-presenting
36
once the T-cell has been shown microbe by macrophage it can produce
B cells or T cells based off reaction
37
viruses can release by what two mechanisms
lysis or budding
38
4 possible outcomes of viral infections
cell death, chronic infection, latent infection or cancer
39
bacteria dont have tropism but they look for a ____
niche
40
the more ____ ____ a bacterium has the more it can infect and integrate
virulence factors (survives lo0 nger intracellularly for this reason
41
DNA segment with virulence gene clusters, have high GC content and are passed between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer
pathogenicity islands
42
establishment of a microorganism in a particular niche then grow
colonization
43
micorbes have ____ on end of pili or other proteins
adhesins
44
adhesins have a small not super specific _____ to recognize specific receptors
tropism
45
the pilus can use ___ or ____ penetration
passive; active
46
when pilus uses passive penentration the micorbe is moving _____ damaged barrier
through
47
when pilus ises active the microbe attaches to extracellular matrix and release enzymes to ____ surface
degrade; allows integration
48
this adhesin can be attached to membrane and does not need a pilus
afimbrial
49
the ___ protein has variable domain and resists phagocytosis by changing its variable end proteins (gram -; streptococcus)
M
50
adhesive structures (3)
teichoic acids, capsules, flagella (non-specific)
51
induce uptake or actively invade
invasion of host cell
52
ways that invasion of tissues can happen
lytic enzymes, transcytosis, penetrate deeper tissues (hides here), systemic (enter blood stream)
53
microbe which induces uptake, releases toxins that cause actin to phagocytose salmonella (manipulates target cell into becoming a phagocyte)
salmonella
54
how does salmonella manipulate target cell into becoming a phagocyte
polymerization of its actin
55
pathogen uses forceful entry and releases toxins needed to create a receptor for its own adhesions to attach to
toxoplasma gondii
56
molecule that alters host cell function
toxins
57
disease that results from a toxin
intoxication (botulism; tetanus)
58
endotoxin which induces immune cells to release pyrogens (causes fever) and can cause septic shock
LPS (lipid A)
59
secreted toxins (exotoxins): 3 categories (they are heat sensitive)
AB toxins, cytolytic, superantigens
60
the a in the endotoxin is the ____ subunit (moves inside) and the b part in the endotoxin is ____ subunit
enzymatic; binding
61
two types of AB toxins
diptheria, cholera, anthrax
62
bind to cholesterol in host cell membranes; form and pore that allows cytoplasmic contents to leak out while toxin goes in
pore-forming toxins (E.coli)
63
cytolytic toxin tat removes head group from phospholipids
phospholipase
64
a ____ links macrophages to T cells
superantigen
65
activate ___% of T cells with superantigen secrete massive amounts of inflammation
25 compared to normal 0.01%
66
neutralizing antibodies
antitoxin
67
inactivated toxins that can be used as vaccines
toxoids
68
gram ___ bacteria use type three secretion
-
69
where is the type three secretion system typically located
pathogenicity islands or virulence plasmids
70
the type three secretion system brings and delivers a _____ directly into cytoplasm of host cells
toxins
71
the type three secretion is triggered by what
host cell contact (such as salmonella)
72
____ help streptococcus pneumoniae to resist phagocytosis
capsule (make pathogens slippery or it can make pathogen toxic)
73
mycobacterium tuberculosis and listeria monocytogenes can survive in ____
a phagocyte
74
when a bacterium is living in a phagocyte the immune system cannot recognize the bacteria; what are three ways they resist being broken down
resist enzymes in lysosomes prevent formation of lysososome and phagocyte binding escape vacuole
75
listeria accumulates ____ in the cell and uses it to propel itself to invade another cell; it is never extracellular
actin
76
pathogens can kill the ____ to avoid being broken down
phagocyte
77
pathogens can change the ____; which is alteration of immunogenic structures (gonorrhoeaedoes this with changing its pillus once the immune system recognizes it)
antigen
78
the pathogens can make proteins that bind ____ and stop it from working
antibody protein A staph protein G strep
79
____ are antibiotic resistant and resistant to immune system
biofilms
80
a frustrated phagocyte makes a multi nucleated giant cell and releases cytokines on biolfilm; this causes what?
inflammation and overboard immune response

microbiology (17 decks)

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