FA Gram + rods I

Question 1

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane) with lymphadenopathy, myocarditis, and arrhythmias

Answer 1

Corneybacterium diphtheriae

Question 2

C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria via exotoxin encoded by

Answer 2

beta prophage

Question 3

diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis via

Answer 3

ADP-ribosylation of EF2

Question 4

diphtheria forms black colonies on what type of agar

Answer 4

cystine-tellurite

Question 5

Diphtheria diagnosis based on gram + rods with WHAT and WHAT test for toxin

Answer 5

metachromatic (blue and red) granules

Elek’s test

Question 6

what type of vaccine can prevent diphtheria?

Answer 6

toxoid

Question 7

What do you call the lab test for diphtheria toxin?

Answer 7

Elek’s test

Question 8

Cornebacterium diphtheriae mnemonic:

ABCDE

Answer 8

ADP-ribosylation
Beta-prophage
Corynebacterium
Diphtheria
Elongation Factor 2
Granules

Question 9

Spore-forming gram + bacteria found in soil (3)

Answer 9

Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens
C tetani

Question 10

All 7 spore formers

Answer 10

B anthracis
C perfringens, botulinum, tetani, difficile
B cereus
Coxiella burnetii

Question 11

Some bacteria can form spores at the end of the BLANK when nutrients are limited.

Answer 11

stationary phase

Question 12

spores are highly resistant to

Answer 12

heat and chemicals

Question 13

do spores have metabolic activity?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

how do you kill spores?

Answer 14

Autoclave (as is done to surgical equipment) by steaming at 121 degrees celcius for 15 minutes

Question 15

gram positive, spore forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli

Answer 15

Clostridia with exotoxins (C tetani, C botulinum, C perfringens, C difficile)

Question 16

Spores have what in their core?

Answer 16

Dipicolinic acid

Question 17

Tetanus is a tetanic paralysis that has what NT effect?

Answer 17

BLOCKS glycine and GABA (inhibitory NTs) from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord

Question 18

Blockage of glycine and GABA release from Renshaw cells in spinal cord causes what symptoms

Answer 18

spastic paralysis
trismus (lockjaw)
risus sardonicus

Question 19

Tetanus toxin and botulism toxin are proteases that

Answer 19

cleave releasing proteins for neurotransmitters

Question 20

Produces a preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh release at the NMJ

Answer 20

C botulinum

Question 21

NT associated with tetanus

Answer 21

Glycine and GABA

Question 22

NT associated with botulism

Answer 22

ACh

Question 23

in adults, how is botulism caused?

Answer 23

ingestion of preformed toxin (i.e. in bad canned food)

Question 24

in babies, how is botulism caused?

Answer 24

clasically, ingestion of spores in honey –> floppy baby

Question 25

botulism presentation

Answer 25

flaccid paralysis

Question 26

What is the toxin associated with C perfringens

Answer 26

alpha toxin (lecithinase, a phospholiapse)

Question 27

C difficile toxins

Answer 27

Toxin A and Toxin B

Question 28

What does alpha toxin cause

Answer 28

myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis

Question 29

gas gangreneq

Answer 29

C perfringens

Question 30

What does C difficile toxin A cause?

Answer 30

enterotoxin that binds to the brush border of the gut

Question 31

What does C difficile toxin B cause?

Answer 31

cytotoxin that destroys the cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes, causing psuedomembranosu colitis

Question 32

C difficile is often secondary to antibiotic use, especially

Answer 32

clindamycin or ampicillin

Question 33

how do you diagnose c diff?

Answer 33

detection of toxin A and/or B in the stool

Question 34

C diff presentation

Answer 34

diarrhea

Question 35

How do you treat c diff?

Answer 35

metronidazole or oral vancomycin