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Bio 224 > (first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 1 > Flashcards

(first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the midgut end?

A

Where large intestine starts to go downward (descending colon)
left colic flexure

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nerve of the midgut:

A

Vagus (X)

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3
Q

According to Sumida, why don’t you want to lose your greater omentum?

A

The transverse colon is attached to it; keep the colon from “slumping down”

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4
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
(through to) Rectum

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5
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic innervation:

A

Lesser and Least Splanchnic nn. & Lumbar splanchnics (T10-L2)

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6
Q

Hindgut…

Where does the sympathetic innervation synapse?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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7
Q

Hindgut…

Parasympathetic innervation:

A

Sacral outflow (S2-4)

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8
Q

Hindgut…

Arterial supply:

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery and its branches

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9
Q

Hindgut…

Venous drainage:

A

Inferior Mesenteric Vein and its tributaries

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10
Q

When we have a system with capillary beds at BOTH ends, it is called….

A

a portal system

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11
Q

What is the system called that contains capillary beds in the large intestine connecting to the capillary beds in the liver?

A

hepatic portal system

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12
Q

The hepatic portal system draining the abdominal region has 3 major vessels:

A

Splenic
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

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13
Q

The splenic, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein are considered ________, NOT branches.

A

tributaries

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14
Q

What do tributaries do?

A

they act as “rivers” by dumping into something bigger

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15
Q

Hindgut…

Unpaired branch of abdominal aorta:

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Hindgut…

Unpaired tributary of hepatic portal vein:

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

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17
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic nerve:

A

Lumbar Splanchnics

Lesser and Least Splanchnic Nerves

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18
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic nerve segmental levels:

A

L1-2

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19
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic Ganglion:

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Inferior mesenteric plexus

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20
Q

Hindgut…

Parasympathetic nerve:

A

Pelvic outflow (S2-4) via pelvic splanchnic nerves

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21
Q

What is it called when the organs are surrounded by visceral peritoneum?

A

Intraperitoneal

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22
Q

What is it called when a structure is between peritoneum on one surface and the body wall on the other?

A

Retroperitoneal

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23
Q

Difference between Primarily Retroperitoneal and Secondarily Retroperitoneal?

A

Primarily - starts that way

Secondarily - gets pushed and becomes that way after the fact

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24
Q

These are primarily retroperitoneal:

A

Aorta
Kidneys
Vena cava
Other small veins

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25
These are secondarily retroperitoneal:
Duodenum Pancreas Some "bits" of the liver
26
Metabolism:
all chemical reactions that occur in the body
27
Anabolism:
combining smaller molecules into larger ones
28
Catabolism:
breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy
29
Enzymes:
proteins that act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
30
What is the primary sugar used by the body?
Glucose
31
How are the sugars stored in the body?
as long chains called polysaccharides
32
Monosaccarides:
Short; fruits and sugar cane
33
Polysaccarides:
Chains; grains and vegetables
34
A surplus of glucose is converted to what?
glycogen
35
A surplus of glycogen is converted to _________ and is stored where?
triglycerides | stored in adipose tissue
36
Phospholipids examples:
cell membranes, myelin sheaths
37
What is a molecule that is used to make certain steroids?
cholesterol
38
How many types of amino acids are there?
20
39
The liver can convert excess amino acids to...
triglycerides
40
Large excess of amino acids is lost....
in urine
41
Functions of proteins:
``` structure transport cell movement enzymes specialized functions such as hemoglobin ```
42
Note: catalytic amount refers to a very small amount
Minerals are taken in catalytic amount
43
Macrominerals examples:
``` Calcium Phosphorus Sulfer Sodium Potassium Chlorine Magnesium ``` *macromineral = needed at levels of over 100 milligrams a day
44
Microminerals examples:
``` Iron Iodine Copper Zinc Fluorine Manganese Cobalt Chromium Selenium ``` *microminerals = need trace amounts
45
Vitamins | Fat soluble vs. water soluble
Fat = body holds onto them much longer and stores them Water = not stored; excess excreted in urine
46
Digestion:
mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones
47
Absorption:
process by which these (resulting) molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation
48
Mechanical digestion innervations:
- V3 (manipulation of food by muscles of mastication) - VII (buccinator) - XII (tongue)
49
What is the initial carbohydrate breakdown?
Salivary amylase; starch breakdown
50
There is little or no absorption that happens in the mouth, EXCEPT...
alcohol
51
Incisors:
4 | tearing and nipping
52
Canines:
2 | slashing, tearing, shearing, biting
53
Premolars:
4 | larger, complexly surfaced, chewing and grinding
54
Molars:
6 | even larger grinding teeth
55
Enamel on the teeth is derived from...
neural crest material
56
In what location is there NO chemical or mechanical digestion?
the esophagus
57
The esophagus is the first place in which ________ takes place. (and define _________)
peristalsis | wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube
58
What is the opening into the stomach called?
the cardiac sphincter
59
What may absorb some water, does not absorb food, acts as storage, and tests for "poisonous ingestion"?
the stomach
60
Rugae:
folds on internal surface of stomach | -increases surface area
61
The inner surface of the stomach is derived from ________
endoderm
62
The three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach are derived from _________
mesoderm
63
What innervated the stomach?
Vagus (X)
64
What is the primary gastric secretion in the stomach? From where?
``` Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Parietal Cells ```
65
What protects stomach lining from HCl?
mucous
66
What do zymogenic cells release?
Pepsinogen
67
HCl cleaves pepsinogen into what? | And what does this do?
Pepsin; it digests proteins
68
What secretes hormones? | What are some things the hormones do?
Entroendocrine cells | regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.
69
What does gastrin do?
stimulates secretion of HCl | stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing
70
What innervates the gastrin secretion?
Vagus (X)

Bio 224 (31 decks)

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