(first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 2

Question 1

In the foregut, what sympathetic innervation will happen during “fight, flight, and fear”?

Answer 1

Greater splanchnic nerve

Question 2

What is the opening to the stomach from the esophagus called?

Answer 2

the cardiac sphincter

Question 3

What is the entrance from the stomach to the small intestine?

Answer 3

pyloric sphincter

Question 4

What is the first “kink” in the small intestine?

Answer 4

duodenum

Question 5

Halfway through the duodenum is the boundary separating what?

Answer 5

The foregut and midgut

Question 6

Most of our nutrients is absorbed where? Where else is water absorbed?

Answer 6

Small intestine

Large intestine

Question 7

What comes from the liver & gallbladder and “dumps” into the small intestine?

Answer 7

the bile duct

Question 8

The liver is working to produce secretions all the time, but we do not need that stuff all the time since we’re not eating all day. Where is the stuff stored until we need it?

Answer 8

gallbladder

Question 9

When the secretions from the liver that are stored in the gallbladder need to be used, they come out of the gallbladder through…

Answer 9

the cystic duct

Question 10

The pancreas also dumps into the ___________.

Answer 10

duodenum

Question 11

The pancreas is what kind of structure?

Answer 11

exocrine AND endocrine

Question 12

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

Answer 12

Endocrine secretes into bloodstream (hormones)

Exocrine secretes things into tubes

Question 13

From the liver…
From the gallbladder…
Beyond their junction…

Answer 13

Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct

Question 14

What happens when liver is making secretions but no food is going by?

Answer 14

Sends stuff down hepatic duct and into gallbladder then when food comes by it comes out of the cystic duct into the intestine

Question 15

The pancreas goes into the duodenum via…

Answer 15

pancreatic duct

Question 16

Pancreatic lipase:

Answer 16

enzyme that splits large fats into smaller

Question 17

Pancreatic amylase:

Answer 17

enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 18

Carboxypeptidase:

Answer 18

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

Question 19

What secretes bile?

Answer 19

the liver

**bile is extremely alkaline

Question 20

Bile helps breakdown _____.

Answer 20

fats

Question 21

Plicae circulares:

Answer 21

internal folds of small intestine

Question 22

Villi:

Answer 22

tall, pillar-like bumps that arise from the internal surface to increase surface area.

Question 23

What is inside each villi?

Answer 23

arterial branch
venous branch
nerve
lacteal

Question 24

What are the clefts between villi?

Answer 24

Intestinal glands

old name is Crypts of Lieberkhun

Question 25

Segmenting contractions:

Answer 25

circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle that can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy

Question 26

Emulsification:

Answer 26

Physical breakdown of lipid particles (usually to glycerol and free fatty acids) Primarily a function for the bile

Question 27

Protein digestion in the midgut:

Answer 27

Trypsin and others finish breaking proteins to shorter polypeptides. ***aminopepdidase breaks down further into individual amino acids

Question 28

Carbohydrate digestion in the midgut:

Answer 28

Disaccaridases (many kinds) break complex sugars into smaller 2-ring sugars, and (mostly) glucose

Question 29

Absorption in the small intestine... | Water:

Answer 29

80-90% of water entering gut tube are absorbed in small intestine

Question 30

Absorption in the small intestine... | Carbohydrates:

Answer 30

primarily through microvilli of villi

Question 31

Absorption in the small intestine... | Proteins:

Answer 31

through columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi

Question 32

Absorption in the small intestine... | Lipids:

Answer 32

glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a micelle allowing the fat to be absorbed across villi

Question 33

What is a micelle?

Answer 33

a sub-cellular sized structure which has components on the outside that are charged (water is comfortable with; hydrophilic) and non charged fatty stuff on the inside

Question 34

Explain lipid processing.

Answer 34

1. Micelle is absorbed across villi. 2. Once inside the cells, it is housed in endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called chylomicrons. 4. Sent to lacteal of villus.

Question 35

Fat soluble vitamins and functions:

Answer 35

A: maintain epithelia D: facilitate absorption and use of calcium E: DNA, RNA, RBC formation K: needed for clotting

Question 36

Water soluble vitamins:

Answer 36

C

Question 37

B-12 vitamin requires what?

Answer 37

specialized protein carrier (in ileum)

Question 38

Absorption in large intestine:

Answer 38

remainder of water (primarily in ascending and transverse regions) some salts, certain vitamins

Question 39

What bacterium aids in final conversion of liquid waste into semisolid feces?

Answer 39

Escheria coli

Question 40

What else does E. coli do?

Answer 40

synthesizes vitamins K and B12

Question 41

In the descending colon, intestinal glands secrete ________, which facilitates movement of drier material, neutralizes acids of remaining bacteria.

Answer 41

mucous

Question 42

- Defecation: | - What is it controlled by?

Answer 42

- process of expelling feces from terminal end of gut tube | - defecation reflex

Question 43

Defecation reflex:

Answer 43

1. internal anal sphincter relaxes 2. coelom pressurized (lateral and abdominal hypaxial muscles) 3. peristaltic waves pass through sigmoid colon 4. external anal sphincter relaxes (and feces exits body)

Question 44

Most blood vessels have 3 layers. From innermost to outermost they are...

Answer 44

``` Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia (externa) ```

Question 45

Subcomponents of tunica intima:

Answer 45

- inner lining of simple epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane - middle layer of fine connective tissue made up of collagen - internal elastic lamina: outer elastic layer

Question 46

Artery vs. Vein:

Answer 46

artery: goes away from heart vein: leads back to heart

Question 47

Tunica Media:

Answer 47

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, other connective tissue components

Question 48

Tunica adventitia (externa):

Answer 48

mostly elastic and collagenous fibers (in large vessels, this layer has dedicated verses, tiny blood vessels ad lymphatics)

Question 49

The inside of the blood vessel is the...

Answer 49

lumen

Question 50

"This is how twisted a question could be..." If the blood vessels serving the liver contract, it is the sympathetic response (because the liver is not working and doesn't need blood here).What branch? What nerve and what level is this coming from?

Answer 50

Celiac Artery Greater splanchnic nerve T5-T9

Question 51

Artery walls vs. Vein walls

Answer 51

``` artery = thick vein = thinner ```