Flervalsfrågor

Question 1

The paper “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes” by Todorov
and colleagues showed that:

• Voter preferences are shallower than assumed, unless they are based on trait inferences
  from facial appearance.
• Inferences from facial appearance cannot be the base for rational voting preferences.
• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.
• Inferences about competence, but not likability, predict voter behavior

Answer 1

• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.
• Inferences about competence, but not likability, predict voter behavior

Question 2

Why do many researchers suggest that emotional perception is an active (as opposed to
passive) process:

• Because the sensory information present in a face is not processed in a sequential order.
• Because perception guides gaze and attention to emotionally salient regions of the face.
• Because a perceiver tends to motorically mimic displays of facial emotion.
• Because a perceiver tends to move towards displays of facial emotion.

Answer 2

• Because perception guides gaze and attention to emotionally salient regions of the face.

Question 3

According to Jussim, Crawford, and Rubinstein, what are the critical step/s to determine
stereotype accuracy?

• Assess people’s descriptive beliefs about a group.
• Comparing the difference between descriptive and normative stereotypes about a group.
• Identify objective criteria that establish group characteristics.
• Compare people’s beliefs to objective criteria.

Answer 3

• Assess people’s descriptive beliefs about a group.
• Identify objective criteria that establish group characteristics.
• Compare people’s beliefs to objective criteria.

Question 4

In an observational fear/threat learning situation, what stimuli serve as conditioned stimuli
(CS) and unconditioned stimuli (US) for the Observer?

• Neutral stimuli (CS) and the Observer’s autonomic arousal responses (US).
• The Demonstrator’s expressions of threat (CS) and naturally aversive stimuli (US).
• The Demonstrator’s behaviors (CS) and neutral stimuli (US)
• Neutral stimuli (CS) and the Demonstrator’s expressions of threat (US)

Answer 4

• Neutral stimuli (CS) and the Demonstrator’s expressions of threat (US)

Question 5

According to research in non-human animals, what brain region has been shown to be
necessary for observational fear/threat learning to occur?

• Anterior cingulate cortex ACC
• Dorsolateral PFC
• Superior temporal sulcus, STS
• Anterior insular, AI

Answer 5

• Anterior cingulate cortex ACC

Question 6

Research on stereotypes (in the US) that independently manipulated information about
target individuals’ race and “home ecology” demonstrated that:

• When provided with information about a person’s ecology (but not race), individuals’
  inferences about Whites track stereotypes of people from desperate ecologies.
• When provided with information about a person’s race (but not ecology) individuals’
  inferences about Whites track stereotypes of people from hopeful ecologies.
• When provided with information about both the race and ecology of others, Black and White
  targets from desperate ecologies are stereotyped as equally fast life history strategists,
  whereas Black and White targets from hopeful ecologies are stereotyped as equally slow life
  history strategists.
• When provided with information about both the race and ecology of others, individuals’
  inferences reflect the targets’ race rather than their ecology

Answer 6

• When provided with information about a person’s race (but not ecology) individuals’
  inferences about Whites track stereotypes of people from hopeful ecologies.
• When provided with information about both the race and ecology of others, Black and White
  targets from desperate ecologies are stereotyped as equally fast life history strategists,
  whereas Black and White targets from hopeful ecologies are stereotyped as equally slow life
  history strategists.

Question 7

Social-psychological interventions aimed at conflict resolution and intergroup
reconciliation often utilize the approach of exposing people to specific information. What
type of information is utilized in the moral exemplar intervention?

• Information about groups’ morality which provokes positive emotional responses.
• Information about morality of individuals, as social group members, which provokes positive
  emotional responses.
• Stereotypical information about groups leading to stereotype confirmation.
• Stereotypical information about individuals, as social group members, which leads to
  stereotype confirmation.

Answer 7

• Information about morality of individuals, as social group members, which provokes positive
  emotional responses.

Question 8

The paper “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes” by Todorov
and colleagues showed that:

• Voter preferences are shallower than assumed, unless they are based on trait inferences
  from facial appearance.
• Inferences from facial appearance cannot be the base for rational voting preferences.
• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.
• Inferences about competence, but not likability, predict voter behavior

Answer 8

• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.
• Inferences about competence, but not likability, predict voter behavior

Question 9

According to research in non-human animals, what brain region has been shown to be
necessary for observational fear/threat learning to occur?

• Anterior cingulate cortex ACC
• Amygdala
• Superior temporal sulcus, STS
• Anterior insular, AI

Answer 9

• Anterior cingulate cortex ACC
• Amygdala

Question 10

Two brain regions that repeatedly have been implicated in mental state attributions are:

• Temporal parietal junction (TPJ) and Amygdala
• Temporal parietal junction (TPJ) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)
• Orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
• Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and Orbito-frontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 10

• Temporal parietal junction (TPJ) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

Question 11

The following is/are critical to establish observational learning:

• When learning is tested, the demonstrator is not present.
• When learning occurs, no mimicry is present.
• When learning occurs, no imitation is present.
• When learning occurs, no copying is present.

Answer 11

• When learning is tested, the demonstrator is not present.

Question 12

In the Bandura et al. study (1961), which of the following is/are true:

• The aggressive models/demonstrators were only males.
• Measures were collected of both physical and verbal aggression.
• It was speculated that learning occurred through the same principles that govern
  instrumental conditioning.
• The results showed that when tested, the children displayed no direct copying of the
  models/demonstrators, but rather novel aggressive behaviors.

Answer 12

• Measures were collected of both physical and verbal aggression.
• It was speculated that learning occurred through the same principles that govern
  instrumental conditioning.

Question 13

The paper “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes” by Todorov
and colleagues showed that:
(Artikeln “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes” av Todorov
med kollegor visade att):

• Voter preferences are shallower than assumed, unless they are based on trait inferences
  from facial appearance.
• Inferences from facial appearance cannot be the base for rational voting preferences.
• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.
• Inferences about competence and likability predict voter behavior

Answer 13

• Voter behavior seems to be based on irrelevant information unless trait inferences from
  facial appearance predict the underlying traits.

Question 14

In the Bandura et al. study (1961), which of the following is/are true:
(Vilket/vilka påståenden är sanna om studien av Bandura et al. 1961):

• Both males and females served as aggressive models/demonstrators.
• Measures were collected of both physical and verbal aggression.
• It was speculated that learning occurred through the same principles that govern
  instrumental conditioning.
• The results showed that when tested, the children displayed no direct copying of the
  models/demonstrators, but rather novel aggressive behaviors.

Answer 14

• Both males and females served as aggressive models/demonstrators.
• Measures were collected of both physical and verbal aggression.
• It was speculated that learning occurred through the same principles that govern
  instrumental conditioning.

Question 15

Research involving the amygdala lesioned patient SM demonstrates that:
(Forskning som involverar amygdala-patienten SM demonstrerar):

• It is not possible to recognize expressions of fear in a face without an intact amygdala
• Healthy individuals are not making use of the eye region when recognizing expressions of
  fear in a face.
• Amygdala is necessary for guiding attention to the eye region of a face regardless of what
  emotion is expressed
• Amygdala is necessary for guiding attention to the eye region of a face only if it expresses
  fear.

Answer 15

• Amygdala is necessary for guiding attention to the eye region of a face regardless of what
  emotion is expressed

Question 16

Psychological intergroup interventions aimed at conflict resolution and intergroup
reconciliation utilize the approach of exposing people to information that challenges
peoples’ existing beliefs about social outgroups. The moral exemplar intervention utilizes:
(Psykologiska intergruppinterventioner som syftar till konfliktlösning och försoning mellan
grupper använder tillvägagångssättet att utsätta människor för information som utmanar
människors existerande föreställningar om sociala utgrupper. Den moraliska exemplarinterventionen använder:)

• information that challenges peoples’ beliefs about effective conflict resolution
• information that confirms the stereotypes people hold about social outgroups
• information that challenges peoples’ beliefs about groups’ morality
• information that challenges peoples’ expectations about the world

Answer 16

• information that challenges peoples’ beliefs about groups’ morality

Question 17

What conclusion/s has Chagnon (1988) drawn from his studies on the Yanomamös.
(Vilken/a slutsats/er har Chagnon (1988) dragit av sina studier på Yanomamö folket.)

• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because they have better biometric (e.g.
  athletic) properties.
• When seeking revenge, the target can be any-one related to the individual believed to have
  initially caused harm.
• This group displays similarities with Rousseau’s concept of the ‘Noble Savage’
• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because cultural success leads to
  biological success.

Answer 17

• When seeking revenge, the target can be any-one related to the individual believed to have
  initially caused harm.
• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because cultural success leads to
  biological success.

Question 18

How are Batson and colleagues (tex 2003) interpret their findings of the effect of
instructions on empathy?
(Hur tolkar Batson och hans kollegor (e.g. 2003) sina fynd om effekten av instruktioner på
empati?)

• Empati är en automatisk process som inte går att påverka genom instruktioner.
• Medan ”empathic concern” leder till ökad altruism, så kan ”empathic distress” leda till det
  motsatta.
• Att föreställa sig själv i den andre personens situation ökar alltid altruistiskt hjälpande.
• Empati kan förstärkas genom att aktivt ta en annan persons emotionella perspektiv.

Answer 18

• Medan ”empathic concern” leder till ökad altruism, så kan ”empathic distress” leda till det
  motsatta.
• Empati kan förstärkas genom att aktivt ta en annan persons emotionella perspektiv.

Question 19

Related to stereotyping of individuals, people tend to:
(Relaterat till stereotypisering av andra individer, tenderar mäniskor att:)

• Sharpen the distinctions both between and within social groups
• Sharpen the distinctions between social groups and soften the differences within social
  groups
• Soften the distinctions between social groups and sharpen the differences within social
  groups
• Soften the distinctions both between and within social groups

Answer 19

• Sharpen the distinctions between social groups and soften the differences within social
  groups

Question 20

The following is/are critical to establish observational learning:
(Följande är/är avgörande för att etablera observationsinlärning:)

• When learning is tested, the demonstrator is not present.
• When learning occurs, no mimicry is present.
• When learning occurs, no imitation is present.
• The learning event has to precede (in time) the testing of the learning

Answer 20

• When learning is tested, the demonstrator is not present.
• The learning event has to precede (in time) the testing of the learning

Question 21

Research involving the amygdala lesioned patient SM demonstrates that:
(Forskning som involverar amygdala-patienten SM demonstrerar att:)

• It is not possible to recognize expressions of fear in a face without an intact amygdala
• Healthy individuals are not making use of the eye region when recognizing expressions of
  fear in a face.
• Amygdala is necessary for guiding attention to the eye region of a face regardless of what
  emotion is expressed
• SM performed normally in recognizing expressions of fear if attending to the eye region of
  the faces

Answer 21

• Amygdala is necessary for guiding attention to the eye region of a face regardless of what
  emotion is expressed
• SM performed normally in recognizing expressions of fear if attending to the eye region of
  the faces

Question 22

Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” describes a situation in which each individual’s narrow
self-interest ultimately harms the entire group.
Which of the following best illustrates a public good rather than a common-pool (rival)
resource
(Hardins “allmänningens tragedi” beskriver en situation där varje individs snäva egenintresse i
slutändan skadar hela gruppen. Vilket av följande alternativ illustrerar bäst en “public
good” snarare än en “common-pool (rival) resource”)?

• Common-pool (rival) resource
• Tourists crowding a national park trail, causing erosion
• Listeners tuning in to an advertising-free public-radio station
• Cattle owners grazing animals on a community pasture

Answer 22

• Listeners tuning in to an advertising-free public-radio station

Question 23

What conclusion/s has Chagnon (1988) drawn from his studies on the Yanomamös.
(Vilken/a slutsats/er har Chagnon (1988) dragit av sina studier på Yanomamö folket.)

• When seeking revenge, the target is always the individual believed to have initially caused
  harm.
• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because cultural success leads to
  biological success.
• This group displays no similarities with Rousseau’s concept of the ‘Noble Savage’
• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because they have better biometric (e.g.
  athletic) properties.

Answer 23

• Violent males are likely to have more off-springs because cultural success leads to
  biological success.
• This group displays no similarities with Rousseau’s concept of the ‘Noble Savage’

Question 24

In an “organisational advice network”, Employee X often connects two otherwise unlinked
departments, giving X high betweenness centrality. According to social-network theory,
this structural position primarily grants X which type of advantage?
(I ett “organisational advice network” kopplar medarbetare X ofta samman två annars oberoende
avdelningar, vilket ger X hög “betweenness centrality” (mellanliggande centralitet).
Enligt socialnätverksteori ger denna strukturella position främst X vilken typ av fördel?)

• Brokerage power to control information flow between separate clusters
• Strongest eigenvector centrality, implying the most prestigious contacts
• Faster adaptation to new cultural norms through reflexivity
• Direct coercive power over colleagues because of many incoming ties

Answer 24

• Brokerage power to control information flow between separate clusters

Question 24

Which of the following statement/s is/are true about empathic responses? (Vilket/a av följande påståenden stämmer om empatiska responses?): - Affective sharing and mentalizing draw on the same underlying brain systems. - Affective sharing (but not mentalizing aspects) are always automatically elicited in the presence of others in pain. - Motivation to experience empathy can determine affective sharing in the presence of others in pain. - Affective sharing and mentalizing aspects are often elicited in the presence of others in pain.

Answer 24

- Motivation to experience empathy can determine affective sharing in the presence of others in pain. - Affective sharing and mentalizing aspects are often elicited in the presence of others in pain.

Question 25

How do the authors of the paper "Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes" (Todorov et al., 2005) interpret the relationship between initial impressions and later voting behavior? (Hur tolkar författarna till artikeln "Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes" (Todorov et al., 2005) sambandet mellan första intryck och senare röstningsbeteende?) - Initial impressions of competence from faces can act as cognitive anchors, subtly shaping later evaluations and decisions. - Facial impressions mainly influence undecided voters with no measurable effect on those with strong political affiliations. - The authors argue that while facial impressions may be present, they are typically outweighed by voters’ evaluations of political experience - Voters use facial cues to supplement their rational assessments of candidate qualifications and expected performance

Answer 25

- Initial impressions of competence from faces can act as cognitive anchors, subtly shaping later evaluations and decisions.

Question 26

Which of the following statements are true about emotion perception? (Vilket/a av följande påståenden stämmer om "emotion perception"?) - The role of emotion in perception is confined to post-perceptual evaluation rather than influencing perceptual processes themselves. - Emotional responses may serve as internal simulations that help infer others’ emotional states. - Emotion perception involves active information-seeking behavior, such as directing gaze to emotionally salient regions. - The brain processes facial emotion in a fixed sequence that does not involve feedback or modulation by attention.

Answer 26

- Emotional responses may serve as internal simulations that help infer others’ emotional states. - Emotion perception involves active information-seeking behavior, such as directing gaze to emotionally salient regions.